A Brief History of Humanity: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century
Chapter 47 The Year of Crisis
Chapter 47 The Year of Crisis
Although we are nearing the end of the book, we have not reached the end of history.History is still being made, faster than ever before.Never before has the world raced along at such a dizzying pace.But what is the goal of galloping?Many countries seem to be hesitating, shifting from one goal to another, hesitating, not knowing which direction to choose is the right one.In the immediate aftermath of World War I, most nations moved toward democracy, prosperity, disarmament, and peace.Then sudden financial panics shattered prosperity, dictators challenged democracy, abandoned disarmament, and wars shattered the peace.What the world is facing is not just one kind of crisis, but many kinds of crises, including economic crisis, political crisis and war crisis.
[-]. Business crisis
Panic and Poverty As 1929 drew to a close, Wall Street stock prices plummeted like balloons with holes in them, and losses amounted to billions of dollars.But this is only the beginning.The financial panic that swept Europe in 1931 returned to America with doubled pressure.Factories closed, banks went bankrupt, hired workers were laid off, foreign trade was tightened, and farmers couldn't get a fair price for their produce.By 1933, there were 3000 million unemployed workers worldwide.
Recovery and "Recession" In 1932-1933, business conditions everywhere began to improve.As the upturn expands, one expects the recession to be over.However, in the winter of 1937-1938, it was felt that business conditions had once again deteriorated.Communists declare that capitalism is over.The capitalists claim that the world war and government policies are causing the trouble.During the crisis, governments in most countries sought ways to care for unemployed workers, support agriculture, and adjust business and finance.Opinions are divided among most industrialized countries as to how much adjustment should be made.
[-]. Government crisis
Dictatorship or Democracy As people looked to government to help them in business crises, they became more interested in that rather old question: What is the best form of government?Some countries' answer is dictatorship, but most Western countries claim to be democracy.We all know that democracy has grown enormously since the war. In 1935, representative government was extended to India.In the same year, the United States formulated a plan for the Filipinos to make the Philippines completely independent within 10 years. This plan gave it more autonomy.In India in 1937, self-government was further extended.On the other hand, after World War I, Russia, Italy, Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Persia, and China all established dictatorships.Germany and Austria also joined in.
Hitler's Nazi dictatorship In January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the German Republic by President von Hindenburg.The following year, Hindenburg died, and Hitler took control of the highest power, calling himself "Führer" (Fuehrer), not the president, and renamed the German Republic the "Third Reich". The Constitution of the Republic of 1 was not abolished by Hitler, but ignored it at all, using the House of Representatives as a rubber stamp, extending his powers over the state governments, and all but his own Nazi Party or National Socialist Party. Political parties are suppressed.The Nazis murdered the Jews and threatened Christian religious freedom.The government adjusted finances, industry, and agriculture, trade unions were abolished, and strikes were banned.Even so, Germany's economic recovery lags behind that of the democracies.But Hitler was famous for a while.Newspapers, radio, theatres, films and schools were all under the government's control and used to promote the Nazis.Not only that, many Germans also praised Hitler's courage in dealing with foreign countries.He did not accept the shackles of the Treaty of Versailles; he no longer repaid the indemnity of the Allied Powers; he withdrew from the League of Nations; he took back the Saar Basin; It is no worse than the air force of any country.
Austria's Christian dictatorship In 1933 there was a danger that Hitler might annex Austria, or that Nazi conspirators would take Vienna.In order to save the country, Austrian Prime Minister Dorfs stopped the Nazi Party in the country, implemented a dictatorship himself, and promulgated a new constitution to turn Austria into a Christian "community" country.In terms of industry and agriculture, I want to form associations or "societies" to maintain social justice. Dorfus was assassinated by the Nazis in 1934, but his party still insisted on his policies.
In the spring of 1938, what the Austrians had feared in 1933 and had hoped to avoid permanently happened happened.Hitler's power grew rapidly enough that he was able to overthrow the Austrian chancellor, Dr. Kurt Schuschnigg, and establish the rule of the Nazi Party.Not long after Germany annexed Austria, a referendum was held to confirm the annexation of Austria with Germany.
Germany and Italy promised to maintain friendly relations, promote trade between the two countries and follow a certain political attitude, the true content of which was kept secret from the rest of the world.Therefore, many people understood that occupying Austria was a step towards the Rome-Berlin axis.
In Czechoslovakia, the Nazi Party advocated cooperation with Germany, and Hitler planned to aid them.This shocked other countries more than the annexation of Austria, especially France and Britain.In terms of world peace at that time, thanks to the decisiveness of the Czechoslovak government, Hitler changed his plan.
Restoration of Democracies In democracies, the gradual restoration of commerce has given people greater confidence in their form of government.As we have seen, the UK's economic prosperity returned quickly and a Conservative Party cabinet was formed.France has had all sorts of troubles with currency problems, fiscal fraud, and occasional cabinet changes, but commercial crises are far less harmful than in many other countries.The crisis in the United States is particularly acute.President Hoover's Republican administration was overturned not by bullets, but by votes in the 1932 election debacle.When a new president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, took office in 1933, the United States was under the weight of a financial panic, with banks failing.His response was to regulate the banks, devalue the dollar so that the real value of the dollar is only 60 cents, limit agricultural price increases, build public works to create jobs, allow employers to use regulations to regulate competition, and impose regulations on competition. Laborers experimented with higher wages, shorter hours and improved working conditions.His economic reform policies became known as the New Deal. In 1935, major New Deal legislation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.But by this time business had recovered, and the United States had survived the economic crisis without begging dictatorship.
[-]. International crisis
Yearning for peace All the countries in the world expressed their yearning for peace almost without exception. Some signed the Paris Peace Treaty, some joined the League of Nations, and some signed other peace treaties.Almost all countries participated in the 1932 World Disarmament Conference.At that time there was a great movement of opinion all over the world in favor of peace and disarmament.But at the same time there was also the opposite tendency to expand armaments and start new conquests and wars.
Armament Expansion After 1932, attempts to disarm were suddenly stymied. In 1933, Germany withdrew from the World Disarmament Conference.It didn't take long to start forming an army of more than 50 people, a powerful air force and a huge navy.Japan no longer accepted the system of limiting naval ratios, so the naval treaty between Washington and London expired in 1936.Mussolini built two very large warships; France built four; meanwhile the United States and Great Britain decided to build more smaller warships.Russia, claiming that it was threatened by Germany and Japan, swelled its army to nearly one million men and claimed more in 100.Russia also attempted to strengthen its position diplomatically through peace treaties with its neighbors, joining the League of Nations in 1936, and alliances with France and Czechoslovakia in 1934.France also expanded its army, fortified its borders and sought allies.All these powers are building bombers and fighters at a rapid pace.The whole world is preparing for war.Can the war be stopped in time?
Territorial Expansion Fever Territorial expansion fever is one of the main causes of war.The leaders of Japan, Italy, and Germany openly expressed their desire for more territory.Territory is hard to come by except through aggressive wars.
Japan invaded China Japan expected to use more land to reduce the burden of its "surplus" population, which resulted in its intention to seize more places besides "Manchuria".Domestically, from 1935 to 1936, it was temporarily blocked due to opposition to the war of aggression.But in 1937, Japan again expanded its military operations in China.Peiping and Tientsin fell to the Japanese; Shanghai was horribly devastated before it fell; Canton was abandoned in 1938 before the Japanese attacked.China complained to the League of Nations, but no protest could stop the Japanese army from fighting without declaration.
If Japan can put a sufficiently strong army on the battlefield to complete the task in a short period of time, it may be able to achieve the goal of conquering China forever.However, if this war is dragged on for a long time, China will have the opportunity to gather more resources and fight resolutely.
Ethiopia's territorial sprawl and dictatorship drew Italy into the war.Instead of prosperity, Mussolini's economic reforms faced a severe financial crisis in 1934. In 1935, he declared that Italy must have more colonies, and he planned to conquer the vast and mountainous Ethiopian empire in East Africa.The Christian emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, panicked and appealed to the League of Nations.France and Britain tried to mediate, but to no avail.Mussolini still mustered troops, tanks and planes on the Ethiopian border.Once the rainy season had passed, he ordered an attack in October 1935.Mountainous terrain, harsh weather and hundreds of thousands of barefoot Ethiopian soldiers fought off the invaders.The Italians have made some progress this winter.At the same time, 10 countries in the League of Nations voted to condemn Italy for launching the war and breaking the alliance.Not only that, the members of the League of Nations also imposed "sanctions": they refused to sell arms or loans to Italy, refused to supply certain raw materials or buy Italian goods.For the first time in history, 53 countries tried to prevent war with economic repression and embargoes.Unfortunately, these sanctions have not been effective.Italy is still at war, capturing town after town.The capital, Addis Ababa, was captured, and Haile Selassie went into exile in England.Mussolini announced Ethiopia as part of the Italian Empire on May 50, 1936, under the emperor Victor Emmanuel III.Many countries delayed for a while, finally sanctioning the Italian conquest in 5.
Spanish Civil War Spain's attempt to establish a democratic government had a difficult time.The dictatorship created by Primo de Rivera was overturned in 1931, but the fierce struggle between the Conservative Party and the Radical Party did not stop.Despite tensions, there was no overt split until 1936.The left won the elections and advocated a radical program that was in fact socialist. A civil war ensued in 1936, with General Francisco Franco at the helm of the rebels.After three years of hard and destructive war, Franco gained control with the help of Italy and Germany.He executed many royalist leaders (supporters of the previous government) and created a fascist state modeled on Italy.
(End of this chapter)
Although we are nearing the end of the book, we have not reached the end of history.History is still being made, faster than ever before.Never before has the world raced along at such a dizzying pace.But what is the goal of galloping?Many countries seem to be hesitating, shifting from one goal to another, hesitating, not knowing which direction to choose is the right one.In the immediate aftermath of World War I, most nations moved toward democracy, prosperity, disarmament, and peace.Then sudden financial panics shattered prosperity, dictators challenged democracy, abandoned disarmament, and wars shattered the peace.What the world is facing is not just one kind of crisis, but many kinds of crises, including economic crisis, political crisis and war crisis.
[-]. Business crisis
Panic and Poverty As 1929 drew to a close, Wall Street stock prices plummeted like balloons with holes in them, and losses amounted to billions of dollars.But this is only the beginning.The financial panic that swept Europe in 1931 returned to America with doubled pressure.Factories closed, banks went bankrupt, hired workers were laid off, foreign trade was tightened, and farmers couldn't get a fair price for their produce.By 1933, there were 3000 million unemployed workers worldwide.
Recovery and "Recession" In 1932-1933, business conditions everywhere began to improve.As the upturn expands, one expects the recession to be over.However, in the winter of 1937-1938, it was felt that business conditions had once again deteriorated.Communists declare that capitalism is over.The capitalists claim that the world war and government policies are causing the trouble.During the crisis, governments in most countries sought ways to care for unemployed workers, support agriculture, and adjust business and finance.Opinions are divided among most industrialized countries as to how much adjustment should be made.
[-]. Government crisis
Dictatorship or Democracy As people looked to government to help them in business crises, they became more interested in that rather old question: What is the best form of government?Some countries' answer is dictatorship, but most Western countries claim to be democracy.We all know that democracy has grown enormously since the war. In 1935, representative government was extended to India.In the same year, the United States formulated a plan for the Filipinos to make the Philippines completely independent within 10 years. This plan gave it more autonomy.In India in 1937, self-government was further extended.On the other hand, after World War I, Russia, Italy, Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Persia, and China all established dictatorships.Germany and Austria also joined in.
Hitler's Nazi dictatorship In January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the German Republic by President von Hindenburg.The following year, Hindenburg died, and Hitler took control of the highest power, calling himself "Führer" (Fuehrer), not the president, and renamed the German Republic the "Third Reich". The Constitution of the Republic of 1 was not abolished by Hitler, but ignored it at all, using the House of Representatives as a rubber stamp, extending his powers over the state governments, and all but his own Nazi Party or National Socialist Party. Political parties are suppressed.The Nazis murdered the Jews and threatened Christian religious freedom.The government adjusted finances, industry, and agriculture, trade unions were abolished, and strikes were banned.Even so, Germany's economic recovery lags behind that of the democracies.But Hitler was famous for a while.Newspapers, radio, theatres, films and schools were all under the government's control and used to promote the Nazis.Not only that, many Germans also praised Hitler's courage in dealing with foreign countries.He did not accept the shackles of the Treaty of Versailles; he no longer repaid the indemnity of the Allied Powers; he withdrew from the League of Nations; he took back the Saar Basin; It is no worse than the air force of any country.
Austria's Christian dictatorship In 1933 there was a danger that Hitler might annex Austria, or that Nazi conspirators would take Vienna.In order to save the country, Austrian Prime Minister Dorfs stopped the Nazi Party in the country, implemented a dictatorship himself, and promulgated a new constitution to turn Austria into a Christian "community" country.In terms of industry and agriculture, I want to form associations or "societies" to maintain social justice. Dorfus was assassinated by the Nazis in 1934, but his party still insisted on his policies.
In the spring of 1938, what the Austrians had feared in 1933 and had hoped to avoid permanently happened happened.Hitler's power grew rapidly enough that he was able to overthrow the Austrian chancellor, Dr. Kurt Schuschnigg, and establish the rule of the Nazi Party.Not long after Germany annexed Austria, a referendum was held to confirm the annexation of Austria with Germany.
Germany and Italy promised to maintain friendly relations, promote trade between the two countries and follow a certain political attitude, the true content of which was kept secret from the rest of the world.Therefore, many people understood that occupying Austria was a step towards the Rome-Berlin axis.
In Czechoslovakia, the Nazi Party advocated cooperation with Germany, and Hitler planned to aid them.This shocked other countries more than the annexation of Austria, especially France and Britain.In terms of world peace at that time, thanks to the decisiveness of the Czechoslovak government, Hitler changed his plan.
Restoration of Democracies In democracies, the gradual restoration of commerce has given people greater confidence in their form of government.As we have seen, the UK's economic prosperity returned quickly and a Conservative Party cabinet was formed.France has had all sorts of troubles with currency problems, fiscal fraud, and occasional cabinet changes, but commercial crises are far less harmful than in many other countries.The crisis in the United States is particularly acute.President Hoover's Republican administration was overturned not by bullets, but by votes in the 1932 election debacle.When a new president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, took office in 1933, the United States was under the weight of a financial panic, with banks failing.His response was to regulate the banks, devalue the dollar so that the real value of the dollar is only 60 cents, limit agricultural price increases, build public works to create jobs, allow employers to use regulations to regulate competition, and impose regulations on competition. Laborers experimented with higher wages, shorter hours and improved working conditions.His economic reform policies became known as the New Deal. In 1935, major New Deal legislation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.But by this time business had recovered, and the United States had survived the economic crisis without begging dictatorship.
[-]. International crisis
Yearning for peace All the countries in the world expressed their yearning for peace almost without exception. Some signed the Paris Peace Treaty, some joined the League of Nations, and some signed other peace treaties.Almost all countries participated in the 1932 World Disarmament Conference.At that time there was a great movement of opinion all over the world in favor of peace and disarmament.But at the same time there was also the opposite tendency to expand armaments and start new conquests and wars.
Armament Expansion After 1932, attempts to disarm were suddenly stymied. In 1933, Germany withdrew from the World Disarmament Conference.It didn't take long to start forming an army of more than 50 people, a powerful air force and a huge navy.Japan no longer accepted the system of limiting naval ratios, so the naval treaty between Washington and London expired in 1936.Mussolini built two very large warships; France built four; meanwhile the United States and Great Britain decided to build more smaller warships.Russia, claiming that it was threatened by Germany and Japan, swelled its army to nearly one million men and claimed more in 100.Russia also attempted to strengthen its position diplomatically through peace treaties with its neighbors, joining the League of Nations in 1936, and alliances with France and Czechoslovakia in 1934.France also expanded its army, fortified its borders and sought allies.All these powers are building bombers and fighters at a rapid pace.The whole world is preparing for war.Can the war be stopped in time?
Territorial Expansion Fever Territorial expansion fever is one of the main causes of war.The leaders of Japan, Italy, and Germany openly expressed their desire for more territory.Territory is hard to come by except through aggressive wars.
Japan invaded China Japan expected to use more land to reduce the burden of its "surplus" population, which resulted in its intention to seize more places besides "Manchuria".Domestically, from 1935 to 1936, it was temporarily blocked due to opposition to the war of aggression.But in 1937, Japan again expanded its military operations in China.Peiping and Tientsin fell to the Japanese; Shanghai was horribly devastated before it fell; Canton was abandoned in 1938 before the Japanese attacked.China complained to the League of Nations, but no protest could stop the Japanese army from fighting without declaration.
If Japan can put a sufficiently strong army on the battlefield to complete the task in a short period of time, it may be able to achieve the goal of conquering China forever.However, if this war is dragged on for a long time, China will have the opportunity to gather more resources and fight resolutely.
Ethiopia's territorial sprawl and dictatorship drew Italy into the war.Instead of prosperity, Mussolini's economic reforms faced a severe financial crisis in 1934. In 1935, he declared that Italy must have more colonies, and he planned to conquer the vast and mountainous Ethiopian empire in East Africa.The Christian emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, panicked and appealed to the League of Nations.France and Britain tried to mediate, but to no avail.Mussolini still mustered troops, tanks and planes on the Ethiopian border.Once the rainy season had passed, he ordered an attack in October 1935.Mountainous terrain, harsh weather and hundreds of thousands of barefoot Ethiopian soldiers fought off the invaders.The Italians have made some progress this winter.At the same time, 10 countries in the League of Nations voted to condemn Italy for launching the war and breaking the alliance.Not only that, the members of the League of Nations also imposed "sanctions": they refused to sell arms or loans to Italy, refused to supply certain raw materials or buy Italian goods.For the first time in history, 53 countries tried to prevent war with economic repression and embargoes.Unfortunately, these sanctions have not been effective.Italy is still at war, capturing town after town.The capital, Addis Ababa, was captured, and Haile Selassie went into exile in England.Mussolini announced Ethiopia as part of the Italian Empire on May 50, 1936, under the emperor Victor Emmanuel III.Many countries delayed for a while, finally sanctioning the Italian conquest in 5.
Spanish Civil War Spain's attempt to establish a democratic government had a difficult time.The dictatorship created by Primo de Rivera was overturned in 1931, but the fierce struggle between the Conservative Party and the Radical Party did not stop.Despite tensions, there was no overt split until 1936.The left won the elections and advocated a radical program that was in fact socialist. A civil war ensued in 1936, with General Francisco Franco at the helm of the rebels.After three years of hard and destructive war, Franco gained control with the help of Italy and Germany.He executed many royalist leaders (supporters of the previous government) and created a fascist state modeled on Italy.
(End of this chapter)
You'll Also Like
-
The Journey Against Time, I am the King of Scrolls in a Hundred Times Space
Chapter 141 2 hours ago -
Start by getting the cornucopia
Chapter 112 2 hours ago -
Fantasy: One hundred billion clones are on AFK, I am invincible
Chapter 385 3 hours ago -
American comics: I can extract animation abilities
Chapter 162 3 hours ago -
Swallowed Star: Wish Fulfillment System.
Chapter 925 3 hours ago -
Cultivation begins with separation
Chapter 274 3 hours ago -
Survival: What kind of unscrupulous businessman is this? He is obviously a kind person.
Chapter 167 3 hours ago -
Master, something is wrong with you.
Chapter 316 3 hours ago -
I have a space for everything, and I can practice automatically.
Chapter 968 3 hours ago -
Reborn as a Tycoon in India
Chapter 545 3 hours ago