Fall in love with school, no longer tire of learning

Chapter 17 Student Self-Guidance (4)
Once, Chen Raozi was practicing archery in the back garden of her home, attracting many people to watch.An old oil seller passed by carrying a load. He also stopped, put down his load, squinted at Chen Raozi shooting arrows, and did not leave for a long time.Chen Raozi's archery skills are really well-deserved, and the arrows she shoots hit the bull's-eye eight or nine times out of ten.The onlookers cheered loudly, their palms turned red, only the old oil seller, still squinting at him, only nodded slightly.

Seeing that the old man looked down on his archery skills, Chen Raozi was angry and unconvinced, so she put down her bow and arrow and walked over to the old man, saying, "Do you also know how to archery? Don't you think my archery skills are not good enough?" The old man was calm He replied, "I don't think it's a big deal, it's just that you have practiced a lot and are familiar with it."

Chen Raozi finally got angry and questioned: "How dare you belittle my stunt like this!"

The old man was not in a hurry, and said calmly: "I learned this principle from my skill of pouring oil over the years. Let me demonstrate it to you." After finishing speaking, the old man put a gourd on the On the ground, he took out another copper coin with a round square hole and put it on the mouth of the gourd. Then he scooped up a full ladle of oil from the oil bucket with an oil ladle, and poured the oil in the ladle to the mouth of the gourd covered with the copper coin. pour in.I saw the oil flowing to the mouth of the gourd in a thin line, evenly and continuously.When the oil was poured out, he took down the copper coin and inspected it carefully, and found that there was not even a little bit of oil on it.Amidst the people's admiration, the oil seller smiled and said: "My little skill is nothing special, it's just my familiarity."

No matter how difficult things are, as long as we practice and practice repeatedly and uninterruptedly, over time, practice will make perfect.What this truth reflects is the effect of over-learning.

The so-called over-learning refers to repeated learning beyond the level that can just be recited.Scholars' studies have shown that an appropriate limit of over-learning is better than just being able to recite, but if it exceeds this limit, its retention effect will no longer increase.For example, if you can just recite a Tang poem after learning it 4 times, the effect of learning it twice is the best, but the effect of learning it 5-6 times is counterproductive.

The over-learning theory was proposed by the famous German psychologist H. Ebbinghaus. The main meaning is that if a person wants to master the knowledge he has learned, he must often remind himself to consolidate it through repeated practice.

Ebbinghaus did the earliest experimental research on this effect.He read several groups of 16 meaningless syllables at different times in order to measure the amount of over-learning required for memorization learning, and found that the over-learning material was better than the material that was just recalled, and its retention The effect is roughly proportional to the weight of the original learning.

The famous mathematician Hua Luogeng's talent was not outstanding when he was a child. He had to learn for several days what others learned in a day.However, he did not complain about this, but insisted on making the problem clear and writing down everything that needed to be remembered.The strange thing is that after a period of time, what others can learn in a few days, he can learn in a day, and master it better than others.At work here, too, is the overlearning effect.

Hua Luogeng

The overlearning effect usually occurs in memorization learning and discrimination learning.In memorization learning, WE Kruger did a famous experiment, after fully learning 12 single-sections, then 50%~100% over-learning, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 7 days, 14 days And 28 days later in the re-learning, we measured the irregular retention, which showed that over-learning increases the retention, and over-learning not only promotes the retention of memory, but also increases the positive transfer for subsequent learning.

In discriminative learning, reversal learning becomes easy because of over-learning, which was discovered by LS Ritter.Animals (white mice) distinguish between black and white in the maze, and there are 10 positive responses in 9 exercises, then increase over-learning, and then reverse learning, the result is that the number of reverse learning decreases, that is, because of over-learning, similar to the learning of distinguishing melons The habit of the unit has been formed, which can promote the reversal learning.

After the 20s, most of the research on discrimination learning was conducted on human discrimination learning.In addition to the above discrimination and response theory, there are also the position habit theory, elimination theory, negative reaction avoidance theory, inducement theory, two-element theory, observation response, attention theory, etc.

Although the above-mentioned theories are still controversial, the effect of "over-learning" is obvious to all, and the key is to maintain a degree.It is not acceptable to be relaxed, but it is also not acceptable to stretch the string of learning too tightly.Because "over-learning" means that if it is 100% for people to learn a certain knowledge to the extent that they can not make mistakes at that time, then to maintain the mastery of this kind of knowledge, it takes the necessary time and the same attention. level to continuously consolidate this knowledge.However, this kind of consolidation is usually kept within 150% of the learning level, and within this limit, the psychological effect of learning is the greatest.

The "over-learning" that Ebbinghaus refers to is not unlimited "over-learning".It is generally believed that within a certain range, over-learning is necessary, and if it exceeds the necessary limit, it is very uneconomical, because over-learning requires more time and energy.Generally speaking, the best learning level is 150%, and its effect is also the largest.If it exceeds 150%, the phenomenon of "diminishing returns" will occur due to learning fatigue, and the learning effect will gradually decline, and negative effects such as distraction, boredom, and fatigue will appear.

Ebbinghaus' "over-learning" is actually "moderately intense learning".To prevent "diminishing returns", it should be done: when learning is consolidated to a level where errors no longer occur, it can stop.If you ask yourself to invest more energy at this time, the learning effect will decline, and the mastery ability will decrease. In this case, the longer the learning time, the more difficult it is to learn.

Backfired by overlearning
Although there are more and more criticisms of summer cram schools from all walks of life in society, many parents are still psychologically unwilling to give up various summer cram schools and tutoring classes for students.Be aimed at this kind of phenomenon, relevant expert reminds, the parent should reverse this kind of improper psychology in time.Because over-learning is easy to backfire, we must really return the holidays to the students.

Mr. Peng, a parent of a student who lives in Lanzhou, is considering what kind of summer class to enroll his daughter in the fifth grade of elementary school during the summer vacation.He said: "The summer vacation is so long, we can't use it all for fun. Others' students also enroll in this and other classes during the vacation. When the vacation is over, they can always learn something."

Mr. Peng's point of view represents the attitude of a large part of parents. They believe that as long as students are learning, they will definitely learn something and achieve results.

Mr. Peng's daughter, Xiao Peng, doesn't see it that way: "I've been taking tutoring classes in the last few summer vacations, and I feel particularly stressed." Xiao Peng said that even though she was sitting in the cram school classroom, she was not thinking about her studies.Especially when some students called to say how much they had played, their rejection of learning became even stronger.

Director Yang of the Lanzhou Institute of Educational Sciences said that this is a typical situation in which students are rebellious because of the pressure of their parents.He introduced that forcing students to study during the holidays will directly affect students' interest in learning.After a semester of study, students need a period of adjustment to release stress and regain interest in learning.During this adjustment period, students should try to avoid inactive learning.

Peng Dehua, a professor at Northwest Normal University, reminded that parents should realize the rules of learning as soon as possible, and not wishful thinking to force students to study during the holidays, and truly return the holidays to students.She said that a summer vacation that really belongs to students should be a vacation without study pressure, close to society, and close to nature.

Pay attention to avoid study fatigue
The midterm exam has just passed, and many children feel extremely tired: their brains are sluggish, their attention is distracted, their thinking is slow, they are depressed or irritable, they are not interested in anything, and their learning efficiency is low.This is because everyone "soaks" in study for a long time, which causes study fatigue.

Learning fatigue is a problem that many children will encounter. The reason is long-term uninterrupted learning: long-term overloading of the brain, long-term learning overload, overloading the brain, and causing brain fatigue; Reasonably arrange the study time, study or review the same homework for a long time, and do the same type of test questions, which will easily cause fatigue; lack of interest in learning, not interested in a certain subject, forced yourself to learn out of helplessness, over time Fatigue will occur, followed by dizziness and lack of concentration; bad emotions and complex inner fluctuations, some major accidents in life and study can easily cause psychological disorders and bad emotions, and easily cause study fatigue.

When the problem of study fatigue occurs, students must carry out psychological self-regulation, eliminate tension and pressure, and achieve sufficient self-relaxation.

(1) Reduce study time.Regardless of physical and psychological endurance, it is not advisable to force yourself to study for a long time every day.

(2) To prevent fatigue, rest before feeling tired.

(3) Take regular breaks.To avoid falling asleep due to drowsiness in class, take a nap at another time.For example, sleeping for 10-20 minutes after lunch can prevent frequent fatigue in the afternoon; sleeping for 10-20 minutes after dinner can extend the study time throughout the night and improve efficiency.

(4) Learn to study happily.Studying with worries, troubles, and a sad face, even the simple learning content will quickly make people tired.If you can regard learning as something you like to do, and face learning with a happy mood, even if there are a lot of learning content and great difficulty, you will not feel tired so quickly.

Are you tired of studying?
How do you know if you are tired and how tired you are?A simple test method is provided below:

1. When I woke up in the morning, I felt uncomfortable physically and mentally, and I didn’t get enough sleep;

2. If you go to school by bike, you feel that you have no strength to ride;
3. It is easy to trip on the stairs;
4. Reluctance to meet and talk with teachers or classmates;
5. Writing the composition is not smooth;
6. The voice is small and can't even make a sentence;
7. Not caring about what others say;
8. Leaning on the table with both hands resting on the chin without realizing it;
9. Always want to drink a lot of refreshing beverages such as tea and coffee;
10. Don't want to eat greasy things;

11. I really like to add spices to the meals;
12. Always feel that the hands are stiff;

13. The eyes always seem to be closed;

14. Yawning incessantly;

15. Can't even tell friends' phone numbers;
16. Want to rest your feet on tables and chairs;

17. Lose weight unconsciously;

18. Easy to have diarrhea or constipation;

19. Difficulty falling asleep.

If you answer "Yes" to 1 or 2 questions, it means you have very slight study fatigue; if you answer "Yes" to 3 or 4 questions, you have moderate study fatigue; if you answer "Yes" to more than 5 questions ", indicating that there is severe study fatigue, which should be paid attention to.

Tips for completing homework

There are many subjects to study and a lot of homework. How to complete them efficiently is also skillful. Do you still remember the saying "the change of work itself is a rest"?
1. Cross-completion of liberal arts homework and science homework

The main content of science homework is calculation and reasoning. If you do science homework for a long time, the left brain will get tired easily.For the same reason, there are relatively more perceptual materials in liberal arts homework.

If you do a single course of homework for a long time, the cells in some active areas of the brain will be overactive and fatigue will occur, and the learning efficiency will naturally decrease.Exchanging learning content and learning methods can rest the tired brain area, and the rested brain area will enter the working state, which will not hinder the rest of the brain and ensure the efficient learning activities.If we deliberately cross arts and sciences during homework, it is equivalent to the left and right brains working together or taking turns to rest.If we can arrange in the order of mathematics, English, physics, Chinese, chemistry, etc. in the evening homework, the effect will naturally be much better.

2. The form of learning should be varied
The same as above, long-term use of the same learning method is prone to fatigue. A more reasonable way is to arrange different learning forms alternately, such as memorizing, solving problems, reading, and organizing and summarizing knowledge. time to take a certain form of learning.In fact, the homework of each subject can be combined in the form of "thinking (thinking)-writing (hands-on)-back (memory)".

3. Do the subjects you are not good at first, and then do the subjects you are good at
In the study of long subjects, some students are very good in certain subjects, but some subjects are very bad.For example, some students are very good in science, but poor in Chinese or English; while some students who are very good at liberal arts have a headache for science.This is a "fatal" flaw in all kinds of exams that cannot be avoided. Your weak subjects become your "short board" and directly affect your learning level and "status".What's even more frightening is that these weak subjects seem to be trying to make things difficult for you. The more you fail in the exam, the more unwilling you are to learn, and the more unwilling you are to learn, the worse you are. Lose confidence, even have the idea of ​​giving up.

Many students have the habit of putting the homework that they don't like and that they don't do well at the end.The consequences of doing so are obvious. On the one hand, in the process of doing homework, when I think of doing a subject I don't like, I feel a little uneasy, and I can't wait to do the homework I am doing more slowly.On the other hand, just because the time left for weak subjects to work is very limited, it takes time to make up for the original loopholes. As a result, the investment is seriously insufficient, making the weak subjects even weaker, and the "short boards" are not always filled.Over time, it is very easy to develop the habit of procrastination, and cause serious psychological pressure because of the fear of weak subjects.This is obviously a passive way of learning.

In fact, the reason is very simple, it is better to take the initiative to attack than to be beaten passively.As long as you do the homework of your weaker subjects first, you can solve the "short board" problem.What it ultimately improves is one's overall strength, but in the process, one can develop the habit of not escaping or procrastinating, and at the same time exercise one's willpower to move forward bravely despite difficulties.

First do the homework that you don't like or are not good at subjects. This is the most effective way to deal with partial subjects. In psychology, it is called the Premack principle. This principle is not only widely used in education and study life, but also in The management of many Korean companies is also highly recognized.

Because we study many subjects, the problem is that in the process of learning, especially in the process of doing homework, we often hesitate because of "what to do next", thus wasting time.

If we arrange homework (including review), the time and order are relatively fixed, so it is easy to grasp the rules.For example, the thick-line arrangement can be to read English and Chinese texts in the morning, organize the course notes in the morning for a certain period of time at noon, and focus on your own weaknesses after finishing homework in the evening.It is conceivable that this kind of relatively fixed study will change the chaotic and busy scene, everything has been arranged properly, as long as you act according to the habit, and you will naturally know what you should do immediately when you arrive at the desk. A sense of security and confidence, what a wonderful thing!

Psychological Effects in Homework

1. "The Von Restorff Effect"

Learning psychologists have studied this phenomenon: if there is something special or "separated" from others in a series of stimulus items, it is easier to remember than if it is not separated. Remember, this phenomenon was discovered by the German psychologist von Restorf in experiments, so it is called the "von Restorff effect".

Why is a segregated content easier to learn than an unsegregated content?In other words, why does the "von Restorff effect" occur?
(End of this chapter)