Iron Sonata of World War II

1 chapter shares with different rights

Under the eager urging of the mustache, Helena nodded and expressed her thoughts: "The agricultural intensification roads of the United States and the Soviet Union have been proven to have serious problems. The United States and the Soviet Union obviously have large tracts of fertile land , but the people of these two countries have been suffering from severe hunger in recent years. Therefore, German agriculture can neither follow the path of the United States nor the path of the Soviet Union."

"If you want to carry out reform, you must first clarify the purpose of the reform. Your Excellency, General Manager, in my opinion, a successful reform for my country's rural areas should at least achieve the following three goals: the first is to liberate the land, and the second is to liberate capital. , and the third is to liberate the labor force. For these three purposes, we can solve them through a package of measures.”

"Go on." Hitler looked at Helena with encouragement.

"To solve this problem, I think we only need to do three things." Helena playfully stretched out three slender fingers: "First, let the land owner be separated from the specific land; thirdly, to separate the operators of the land from the rulers of the land."

After listening to Helena's words, Hitler pondered for a moment before slowly saying: "Can you be more specific? Miss Helena. How to separate these rights and interests?" Just now Hitler seemed to understand a little bit, but what Helena said was indeed still It's a bit abstract, which makes the mustache feel enlightened and at the same time adds a lot of doubts.

Helena began to describe her plan to Mustache in detail: "The specific method is also divided into three steps."

"First of all, the state invested in the establishment of a company specialized in land management, requiring all rural land owners across the country to buy shares in this company with their land and become shareholders of this company. Since the land is owned by this management company, not A specific shareholder. This completes the first step mentioned above: separating the owner of the land from the specific land.”

"Then implement a dual-class shareholding structure in this land management company, under this shareholding structure, each share has the same income rights, but different voting rights. Ordinary shareholders can only cast one vote per share, but the state's Each share of stock can cast one hundred votes. In this way, the country can fully control the company with only a small investment, and then obtain the right to control the land in the country. This completes the second step mentioned above: let the land the rulers of the land and the owners of the land."

"In the end, the land management company leases the land to agricultural production enterprises. Of course, the land management company does not simply sublease the land. It is also responsible for the development of infrastructure on rural land and the qualification of the lessee. Screening, this land management company will not interfere with the specific operations of agricultural production enterprises. In this way, the third step mentioned above is completed: separating the operators of the land from the dominators of the land.”

The core of Helena's vision for the intensification of German agriculture is actually to concentrate the control over the country's rural land in the hands of the state through the establishment of such a land management company with "same shares but different rights".In such a system, state-controlled land management companies are the only land lessors.Since land is the core element of agricultural production, as long as the country can control the land, it has the ability to carry out top-level planning for the entire agricultural sector, which completely clears the way for the intensification of German agriculture.

"Good! Good! What a genius idea!" Hitler, who had been sitting behind his desk, stood up from his chair at some point, pacing back and forth excitedly in the office, waving his arms nervously from time to time. .

After a while, Mustache seemed to calm down, and a worried look appeared on his face. "The plan is very good, but do you think Junker landlords will accept this plan? Exchange their ancestral manor for a certificate of equity in a land management company." The mustache seems to be asking Helena, and it seems to be asking himself .

"I can't guarantee that each of them is willing to accept this kind of exchange. Your Excellency, the general manager, you know that most of the Junker landowners are country bumpkins, the kind whose minds are stuck in the last century or even the last century." Helena replied: "But one thing is for sure, now is the time of least resistance for our reform. This time the economic crisis has hit many Junker estates hard. As far as I know, many of them are heavily in debt, and many estates They are all struggling on the verge of bankruptcy. This year, the Junker landlords alone need to pay 9.5 million U.S. dollars in loan interest to the bank. Under the weight of such debts, it is the easiest time for the Junker landlords to compromise! "

"Actually, I don't object to the government giving some assistance to those Junker landowners who are on the verge of bankruptcy, but the government's assistance should not be given to them at no cost. They must be exchanged for the right to control the land! And the government wants It is only the right to control the land, and the Junker landowners have not lost their economic interests. From a certain point of view, they can even get a lot of benefits from it. For example, their debts with the land as collateral will be This will greatly reduce their debt burden as the land is transferred to the account of the land management company.”

"So, make up your mind, Your Excellency, General Manager, this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for reform!" Helena continued to seduce Mustache and said, "Is there any resistance to reform? Wait until the Junker landlords get economic benefits from the reform." Benefit, they will turn to support this reform."

Chapter 1 Make up your mind

"Don't imagine this is so difficult, Mr. General Manager." Seeing that the mustache was still hesitating, Helena had no choice but to continue to teach: "Actually, the interior of Junker Landlord is not monolithic. With the advancement of industrialization, Junker landlords are gradually splitting up, and not all Junkers are still clinging to the semi-feudal manor economy. I think at least three types of Junkers will support the reform of agricultural intensification.”

"First of all, industrial Junkers will definitely support this reform. Most of them have already left the land. Except for the word 'Feng' in their surnames, which represents aristocratic status, they are no different from ordinary industrial capitalists. In this They will not lose anything in the reform, on the contrary, they will benefit from the expansion of the rural market and the liberation of the rural labor force. Therefore, this part of Juncker will definitely support the general manager of your reform.”

"Secondly, there is a high probability that the agricultural capitalist Junkers will support this reform. I don't know if the general manager has noticed? Over the years, some Junker landlords who have a large amount of land have begun to abandon the traditional, feudal manor style. Economic model, they hire workers, purchase advanced means of production, and organize agricultural production according to market needs. In fact, this part of Junkers is no longer a feudal landlord in the traditional sense. It is a member of the emerging agricultural capitalists. Although this time The reform will make them lose control over their own land, but it will also solve their long-standing problem, that is, how to further expand the scale of production. The current rural land property rights in China are quite fragmented. In the central and western regions, this The problem is particularly prominent, which hinders the agricultural capitalist Grand Junckers from increasing their efficiency by expanding the scale of production, and this reform can precisely untie this shackle for them.”

"In the end, there is a high probability that the small and medium-sized Junkers with heavy debts will not oppose this reform. Many of them have mortgaged their land to the bank to obtain loans. In fact, they can't find anything to rely on except land. and the economic crisis hit them right on the doorstep, making them face the crisis of bankruptcy. I think, compared to not being able to repay the loan and causing the land to be taken away by the bank, they will feel that it is better to accept us The reform plan is more attractive."

"I didn't expect our reforms to have so many potential supporters among the Junkers!" After hearing Helena's analysis, Hitler, who had been full of doubts just now, seemed to be resurrected with full blood. You can see it in the way his arms are flailing again in a nervous way.To be honest, the decision-making of Mustache in the last plane is not lacking in genius, but there is always a serious problem when Mustache makes decisions, that is, his judgment is always influenced by his own emotional color.This kind of emotional color makes Mustache sometimes burst with confidence to the point of superstitious self-confidence when making decisions, and sometimes is depressed to the point of despair.

But no matter what, Hitler was finally persuaded by Helena this time.Although the details of the plan still need to be discussed, Helena's main goal has been achieved.

Seeing that it was almost noon, Helena stood up, ready to say goodbye to Mustache.She didn't want to stay until noon and then be left in the general manager's house by the mustache for lunch.After all, the only time Helena had lunch with Hitler was not a pleasant one.

Hitler's lunch menu usually contained no pork, no beef, no wine, no milk, and no butter.But that lunch might have been due to the presence of Helena as a guest, and the chef added a serving of broth to the table.To be honest, since Helena decided to stay at the general manager's residence for dinner at noon that day, she was already ready to eat vegetarian food.Although Helena likes all kinds of food, she is not a foodie who cannot live without food, and it is not unacceptable for Helena to eat a vegetarian meal once in a while.What didn't sit well with Helena was the way Hitler's dinner table was blatantly peddled about vegetarianism.

In order to promote his vegetarianism to Helena, at the dinner table, whenever Helena was about to reach for the soup, Mustache began to use his very expressive language to describe the slaughterhouse. The bloody scene of slaughtering animals.Hitler spoke from the splash of blood to the howling of dying animals, from how the butcher bled the slaughtered livestock to how to divide the carcass into large pieces.Come on, we're eating now!eat, understand?

Hitler finally got his wish to drain Helena's appetite. Seeing that Helena never extended the spoon to the broth again, Mustache seemed to feel that his ideas had been affirmed by Helena, so he spoke more vigorously.In the end, what little appetite Helena had was destroyed by the mustache.As a result, at noon that day, Helena came home almost hungry...

Declining Hitler's kindness to keep him for lunch, Helena was about to leave when Mustache suddenly asked Helena again: "By the way, Helena, will General Seekert support our reforms?"

"He probably won't support it." Helena replied bluntly: "But he will abide by the government's reform order, but..."

"Just what?" Hitler asked.

"It's just that if my father knows that I have ideas in this agricultural reform, he will probably want to break my legs. After all, in his eyes, I'm just a peddler!" Helena didn't care. With a lungful smile, he said: "Before I tried to persuade my father to sell the old manor in Schleswig or take Zhuangzi as a shareholding several times before, I was severely reprimanded by the old man in my family. But the general manager You don't have to worry about me, in case father really gets angry, I have prepared plan B."

"Is there a plan B? Is this plan reliable?" Hitler asked Helena with a look of concern.

"It's absolutely reliable. Sister Eva has already promised me that if the situation is not good, I can take refuge with her for a while." Helena said in a relaxed tone.

"It's true for Eva. She doesn't have a guest room there, so we can't let our Miss Helena sleep on the sofa?" Hitler said with some dissatisfaction. Now Hitler is not rich, but he still rents a room for Eva on Wedemeyer Street. bought an apartment as a love nest for the two.In the previous plane, Hitler would give Eva a villa after a few years.

"You blamed Sister Eva, Mr. Adolf." Helena said, "Sister Eva asked me to sleep with her in the bedroom."

Mustache: "What? You sleep in the bedroom together? Then let me sleep there?"

Helena: "Don't worry, Sister Eva has already tidied up the sofa for you."

Mustache: "..."

Chapter 1 Two-seater coach

On July 1933, 7, there was no cloud in the sky over the Bavarian Aircraft Manufacturing Plant. The company's managers, technicians and ordinary employees all gathered nervously and excitedly on the lawn of the airport outside the plant.According to their gaze, a low-wing monoplane with a side-by-side two-seater layout is quietly parked at one end of the runway, and several technicians in overalls are busy up and down around the plane, doing the final check before takeoff. examine.

For the Bavarian aircraft factory, the past two years have been the darkest hours for the company. In 1931, due to design defects, the M20 transport aircraft produced by the Bavarian Aircraft Factory crashed one after another, resulting in the cancellation of all M20 aircraft orders of Lufthansa, and the company was once forced to the brink of bankruptcy.

Fortunately, Helena acted in time and injected a bailout fund into the company through the "Peace Fund" in time, and persuaded Erhard Milch, then the leader of the German Civil Aviation Administration and the president of Lufthansa, to give up his investment in the company. Suppression, the price is that the Bavarian aircraft factory must relieve Willy Messerschmidt's chief designer.

No one in the company, including Messerschmidt himself, has any objection to the condition of Messerschmidt's dismissal. After all, a designer has made such a big mess, and it is unreasonable if the company does not give some punishment.Fortunately, Messerschmitt's good friend Robert Ruzel took over as the chief designer of Messerschmitt. Especially, more importantly, Ruzel's design concept has many similarities with Messerschmitt, which makes some forward-looking design ideas of Messerschmitt, such as the idea of ​​modularization, light weight and easy production be able to continue.

In the last plane, the Bavarian Aircraft Factory once went bankrupt due to an air crash. Later, although it was reorganized under the efforts of Messerschmidt, the loss of a large number of technical personnel seriously damaged the company's vitality.Fortunately, Helena on this plane saved the Bavarian Aircraft Factory through a series of operations. In the past two years, the Bavarian Aircraft Factory has been licking its wounds while working hard to regain its glory under the new chief designer Ruzel.

Helena admitted that Messerschmidt, who has retired as Ruzel's deputy, is also a very good designer.However, this guy’s brain is too wild, and the designed aircraft often leaves a lot of problems because of too fast design (it can be called Kikuma Fujimoto in the German aviation design industry).The design style of the new head coach Ruzel is bold and steady, and it is actually a good choice for him to help Messerschmitt, whose thoughts are flying all over the sky, tighten the kite string at the right time.

Seeing that Ruzel quickly established his prestige in the Bavarian aircraft factory, Helena even wondered, if Ruzel did well in the Bavarian aircraft factory, it would be difficult for the future V-1 cruise missiles to fall to BMW. ?After all, Ruzel in the previous plane was the chief designer of the V-1 cruise missile, and the Bavarian aircraft factory in this plane is still a company under BMW because it has not gone bankrupt and reorganized.Forget it, don't think about it, Helena can't remember how much the world line of this plane has been changed by herself. If one day BMW goes to build cruise missiles, it seems that it is not unimaginable.

Let's go back to the airport outside the Bavarian Aircraft Factory. The two-seater aircraft on the runway is preparing for the first flight. "And a well-built product, a trainer/sports aircraft numbered BF-1934.

This time, Helena did not directly intervene in the design of this aircraft. After all, in Helena's memory, the BF-108 from the previous plane was a very good trainer/sports aircraft, and it was sold several times. Hundreds, even China as far away as the East bought some.

When the designers don't make major directional mistakes, Helena generally prefers to hand over the power of creation to the designers.Of course, if the designers toss out an obvious design, Helena will still help those scumbags fill in the hole.The reason why Helena intervened frequently before was because the German designers had too many brains, forcing Helena to repeatedly serve as the papermaker of German weapon designs in order to complete the task.

However, although Helena did not directly intervene in the specific design of the BF-108 trainer/sports aircraft, there are still some differences between the BF108 in this plane and the previous plane.

One of the easiest differences to notice is in the landing gear.In the previous plane, Messerschmidt was morbidly obsessed with the main landing gear installed at the root of the wing and retracted outwards. Because the left and right wheelbases of this kind of landing gear were too narrow, it brought serious problems to the safety of aircraft take-off and landing. A big hidden danger. The M20 used to have repeated safety accidents due to the narrow wheelbase of the landing gear, but the stubborn Messerschmidt never seemed to learn the lesson. First, he extended this design to the BF-108 trainer/sports aircraft, and then put the This design was brought to the BF-109 fighter.In the last plane, the BF-109 fighter jet with too narrow main landing gear track was a nightmare for novices when taking off and landing!Of the more than 30000 BF-109 fighters manufactured in Germany during World War II, more than 10%, that is, more than 3000 were damaged due to various take-off and landing accidents!

Compared with Messerschmidt, Ruzel pays more attention to the safety of aircraft take-off and landing. In the last plane, the He219 night fighter and He280 ​​jet fighter he designed both adopted a very friendly wide wheelbase for novices tricycle landing gear.After taking over from Messerschmidt as the chief designer of the Bavarian Aircraft Factory on this plane, when he designed the landing gear for the BF-108, although he still continued the traditional rear three-point landing gear, the installation position of the main landing gear changed from The wing root was moved to the middle of the wing, and the stowage method was changed from outward stowage to inward stowage.This approach greatly widened the wheel spacing of the main landing gear, which greatly improved the safety of the aircraft's take-off and landing. For this reason, Ruzel also added a small section of aileron spar after the main spar for BF-108, so as to Improve the firmness of the wing to resist the impact from the main landing gear during takeoff and landing.

But Ruzel's approach is not entirely free.The first is the adjustment of the increased aileron spar and the installation method of the landing gear, which adds tens of kilograms to the structural weight of the aircraft.Of course, this level of weight gain has little effect on flight performance. The real problem is that this adjustment conflicts with Messerschmitt’s idea of ​​simplifying production. One of the most important reasons for stubbornly insisting on installing the landing gear directly on the fuselage is that the fuselage and wings can be produced separately and then sent to the production line for assembly, which improves production efficiency.

During the design phase of the BF-108 scheme, the chief designer Ruzel and his deputy Messerschmidt had a big quarrel about how to arrange the design of the landing gear.In order not to upset the pair of friends because of this small disagreement, Helena also wrote them a letter very considerately at that time, suggesting that they adopt a three-section wing design, the spar of the central wing where the landing gear is installed and The fuselage is directly connected as a whole, while the outer wing and the central wing are detachably connected.This design has absorbed the design experience of the later Republic "Jijiao-6", which not only has good production and maintainability, but also solves the problem of Messerschmitt's too narrow landing gear spacing.

Helena's letter made Ruzel and Messerschmidt, who had been so quarrelsome, wish they could reconcile in an instant, so the design work of BF-108 began to move forward in full swing.

In addition to the above differences, Ruzel also designed the BF-108's tail wheel to be retractable, in order to further reduce the resistance of high-speed flight, while the tail wheel of the BF-108 on the previous plane is completely non-retractable of.

Compared with the above differences, the BF-108 of this plane has a more important difference, that is, it uses a different engine from the previous plane.

After the reorganization of the Bavarian Aircraft Factory in the last plane, it has separated from BMW, so the BF-108 in the previous plane mainly uses Argus engines.In this plane, the Bavarian Aircraft Factory is still a subsidiary of BMW, and BMW is also an important aero-engine manufacturer in Germany. Naturally, they prefer to rot the meat in their own pot.Therefore, the BF-108 of this plane uses BMW's own 8-cylinder V-shaped air-cooled engine.

When it comes to BMW's air-cooled aero-engine, this is also a headache for Helena, because the BMW company in the previous plane also took a detour in the air-cooled aero-engine.

Chapter 1 BMW AG

When it comes to the aero-engines produced by BMW during World War II in the last plane, the first thing many people think of is the standard power of the Fw190A fighter jet—the bmw801 series 14-cylinder radial air-cooled engine.But in fact, before the 20s, BMW's main focus was actually liquid-cooled engines.

In 1913, the Lapp Engine Works was established in Munich.Four years later, in 1917, the company officially changed its name to Bavaria Engine Manufacturing Co., Ltd., which will be known to the world as BMW (BMW is the German abbreviation of Bayerische Motorenwerke).During this period, BMW's flagship product was the inline six-cylinder water-cooled engine bmw3A. This engine was equipped with a revolutionary carburetor, which made the "Fokker D7" aircraft equipped with this engine have excellent high-altitude performance. It was a huge shock to the Allies.

After World War I, BMW developed a bmw3 engine with a power of 245 horsepower on the basis of BMW4A. With this engine, the DFW F37 biplane once broke the world record with a flying height of 9760 meters.After that, BMW made persistent efforts and developed bmw5, bmw6, bmw7 series liquid-cooled engines. In 1932, the "whale" seaplane developed by Dornier set a world record of flying 4.48 kilometers and circled the earth for one week. Its power source was two bmw600a V7-cylinder liquid-cooled engines with a maximum power of 12 horsepower.

If this trend continues, BMW may become a giant in the field of liquid-cooled aero engines. However, the process of history does not always develop linearly. In 1933, BMW, which had been playing well on liquid-cooled aero-engines, suddenly "rebelled against the revolution" and turned to the camp of air-cooled aero-engines.

It turned out that in order to expand its product line, BMW obtained the authorization to produce the R-1928 "Bumblebee" engine from Pratt & Whitney in 1690. R-1690 is a radial nine-cylinder air-cooled engine with a power of 550 horsepower. The nine cylinders of this engine are in the same plane and arranged around the middle crankshaft.After carefully studying the technical characteristics of the R-1690 "Bumblebee" engine, BMW seemed to have suddenly found "true love", abandoned the traditional craftsmanship of liquid-cooled aero-engines that had accumulated for many years, and plunged headlong into it as a newcomer without hesitation. Enter the air-cooled aero engine camp.

In 1933, BMW handed over the first answer sheet after switching to an air-cooled engine-the bmw132 9-cylinder radial engine. Strictly speaking, the bmw132 engine is not the original of BMW, but an improved model developed by BMW on the basis of the copycat R-1690 "Bumblebee" engine combined with its own in-cylinder direct injection technology.The maximum power of the early bmw132A was 660 horsepower, and the later high-power version increased to 960 horsepower.

青出于蓝的bmw132型发动机一经推出就获得了市场的极大欢迎，著名的福克-沃尔夫公司的Fw 200型客运飞机和容克公司的Ju52运输机都将bmw132系列发动机作为自己的标准动力来源。后来随着二战的爆发，Fw200和Ju52这两款民用飞机也都披上了军装，这就是为后世军迷所津津乐道的绰号“兀鹰”的Fw200侦查/轰炸机和绰号“容克大妈”的Ju52运输机。整个二战期间，宝马公司一共生产了超过24000台bmw132系列发动机。

Objectively speaking, the successful development of bmw132 series engines has given BMW's air-cooled aero engines a very ideal starting line.However, in the subsequent engine competition, although BMW has many remarkable achievements.But compared with my teacher Pratt & Whitney, there is always a huge gap.

During World War II on the last plane, BMW's largest output of aero engines was the bmw190 series engine that powered the Fw801A series fighter jets, with a total output of more than 28000 units.This is a double-row 14-cylinder (each row of 7 cylinders) star-shaped air-cooled engine. When using C3 fuel, the maximum power of bmw801D can reach 1750 horsepower. Time power can exceed 2000 horsepower.If you only look at these data, the performance of bmw801 is actually not bad, and the Fokker-Wolf Fw801A equipped with bmw190 did bring a new "Fokker-style" to the British Royal Air Force when it was just in service. disaster".

However, as the saying goes: if you compare people, you will die, if you compare goods, you will throw them away.Looking at the works of Mr. Pratt & Whitney on the other side of the Atlantic, BMW really has to find a crack in the ground.Almost at the same time as the bmw801 or even earlier, Hewlett-Packard came up with the R-2800 "Double Hornet", a generation of air-cooled radial engine masterpiece, which immediately captured the little complacent achievements of the BMW student. Not even scum.

As a double-row 18-cylinder radial engine, the R-2800 "Double Wasp" engine weighs only 1073 kg, which is not much heavier than the 1012 kg double-row 14-cylinder bmw801 engine, but its maximum power in the non-afterburning state is 1850 horsepower in the early stage, 2100 horsepower in the middle stage, and 2400 horsepower in the late stage.In comparison, none of the bmw801 series engines in World War II had a maximum power of more than 2000 horsepower under normal working conditions!

In short, Pratt & Whitney's accomplishments in star-shaped air-cooled engines in the previous plane are indeed unparalleled in the world, and I can't accept it.

Helena is also quite entangled in whether to save the tragic fate of BMW on the star plane being beaten by her teacher Pratt & Whitney on the star-shaped air-cooled engine, because compared to the liquid-cooled engine on the previous plane, Germany’s air-cooled Compared with the world's top level in the cold engine, the gap is even bigger, and more importantly, the reasons for the lagging behind are more complicated.It is not something that can be saved by a little advanced knowledge of later generations.

So, should Helena give up treatment for BMW's air-cooled engine?

1 Chapter [-] Background Questions

In the eyes of some military fans in later generations, the so-called technical bottleneck is just a layer of window paper. As long as you find the right direction, you can achieve a technological breakthrough with a light poke with your finger.Objectively speaking, the situation mentioned above does exist in reality. In many cases, technological leaps are inseparable from the "flash of inspiration" of geniuses.

Helena had read quite a few time-travel novels in her previous life, and the protagonists in these novels could always rely on their understanding of future technology to easily solve all the technical problems they encountered.But as a genuine time traveler, Helena has to point out very seriously: In most cases, it is not that you know the direction of future technology and you can live in seconds.

A few years ago, when choosing a liquid-cooled engine in Germany, although Helena criticized the technicians of Mercedes-Benz, she was not worried about the future liquid-cooled engine in Germany.This is because Helena clearly knows that the German liquid-cooled engine does not have too many problems in terms of technical accumulation.

In the last plane, the reason why Germany’s liquid-cooled engine performance has a dramatic reversal from leading to lagging behind is mainly due to the Germans’ mistakes in choosing a technical path. There is a hidden danger.Faced with this situation, Helena can avoid the tragedy of the German liquid-cooled engine in the previous plane as long as she fills in the brains of the German designers. The only thing that needs to be done in the future is to continuously inject research and development funds into this field.

Helena's correction of the German liquid-cooled engine development route has achieved obvious results. After several years of research and development, the 1000-horsepower engines of Maybach and Junkers are expected to be put into test flight next year.This time is more than a year earlier than the first flight of DB600 on the previous plane, and the technical level of these two engines is higher than that of DB1935 on the previous plane when it first flew in 600.

Compared with full confidence in liquid-cooled engines, Helena, who has always been confident, seems a little less confident in the development of German air-cooled engines.In Helena's view, the reason why BMW's star-shaped air-cooled engine technology was mistreated by her teacher Hewlett-Packard during World War II on the last plane was not simply because of a problem with the technical route. The more important reason is that BMW's technology accumulation on radial air-cooled engines is too weak.

As we mentioned earlier, BMW's main products in the field of aero engines have been liquid-cooled engines rather than air-cooled engines for a long time.It was not until 1933 that BMW "developed" its first star-shaped air-cooled engine bmw132. The reason why the "development" here is in quotation marks is because bmw132 is not the original of BMW, but was developed by Pratt & Whitney. It is improved on the R-1690 "Hornet" engine.

那么上个位面的德国在二战中广泛使用的bmw801系列14缸星形风冷发动机又是什么时候研制出来的呢？bmw801的首次地面运转时间是1939年！没错，这个时间距离宝马公司推出首款星形风冷发动机bmw132仅仅过去了六年！

Aeroengine design is a field that relies heavily on experience accumulation.Although BMW's liquid-cooled aero engines did a good job before, BMW's previous experience in the most critical heat dissipation design of air-cooled engines is basically zero.In the field of radial air-cooled engines, although BMW has a good starting point, it started too late. It wants to become a top leader in the industry within six years from Xiaomengxin, who just learned to paint and change on the basis of copying homework. , That is simply an impossible task, okay?

Therefore, the reason why the bmw801 engine of the BMW company in the previous plane was widely criticized by military fans is that the technical accumulation time is too short, the design experience is not enough, and the technical background is insufficient.Therefore, military fans of later generations, please don’t call BMW a “crazy hero”. It is already a great achievement for people to come up with such a usable work as bmw801 under the circumstance of insufficient technology accumulation. They can’t catch up with the teacher. Pratt & Whitney really has more than enough energy.

Besides, although the bmw801 engine is a little mediocre in terms of "hard power", it still has a lot of merit in terms of "soft power", such as the adjustment of the air-fuel ratio of this engine, the adjustment of the supercharger, the adjustment of the propeller The torque conversion and so on have reached a very high level of automation, basically realizing fool-like operation.

Helena has complained about the brains of German designers more than once. If it is just a technical route problem caused by the designer's brains, Helena will not be very afraid.After all, even if the route is wrong, Helena can correct it based on the experience of later generations, which is not difficult.However, regarding the gap in the accumulation of design experience, Helena really feels powerless and useless. After all, in order to obtain the accumulation of technical background, besides spending time, spending money, and gaining engineering experience by doing projects, basically There are no shortcuts.

Don't think that technical background is metaphysics, and don't underestimate the accumulation of technology bit by bit!These things are reflected in the final product, sometimes bringing unexpected huge performance differences!

For quite a long period of time, most of the military fans of later generations thought that the performance of the Republic's aero-engines was not as good as that of advanced countries such as the United States and Britain, just because the materials of the Republic's engines were not good enough, which caused the temperature before the vortex to increase and the compression ratio. Wait, but is that really the case?We can give an example to illustrate this problem:

上个位面共和国的WS-10B“太行”涡扇发动机和美国的F110-GE-132涡扇发动机的核心机其实都是由F101发动机的核心机演变而来的。如果只看流量、涡前温度、总压比这些基础参数的话，这两款发动机的流量基本相当，太行发动机的涡前温度为1800K、总压比为34，甚至比F110-GE-132（涡前温度1750k、总压比33.3）还要高一些。

However, when the core machine is of the same origin and the basic parameters are similar or even lower, the afterburning thrust of the American F110-GE-132 can reach 15 tons, while the afterburning thrust of the Republic's WS-10B can only reach 13.2 tons .What does this mean?This shows that compared with the F110-GE-132 of the United States, the basic parameters of the WS-10B engine of the Republic, such as the flow rate, the temperature before the swirl, and the total pressure ratio, have not been fully utilized!At this time, if someone wants to ask where the problem is, I am afraid that no one can give a specific answer.Basically, this component is not optimized well, and the efficiency is a little worse than the other; that component is not optimized, and the efficiency is a little worse than the other, and countless components that are a little bit worse are combined together, and finally reflected in product performance. That's a very big gap.

It can be seen that the reason why the later Republic's aero-engines are backward is not only a matter of materials, but the gap in design skills caused by the lack of technical background of the Republic's aero-engines plays a more decisive role.This is like the food cooked by a chef is not delicious enough. It may not only be a problem with the ingredients, but the chef's own inexperience and lack of skill are also important factors.In fact, the problems faced by BMW in this plane are similar to the problems faced by the Republic of China in later generations. Compared with those specific design defects, the biggest shortcoming of BMW is the lack of technical background in star-shaped air-cooled aviation. where the board is located.

For BMW's specific design flaws, Helena can help it fill in; but for BMW's lack of technical background in the field of radial air-cooled engines, Helena can't help BMW anyway.Therefore, if Helena's goal is to make BMW's star-shaped air-cooled engine stronger than that of the previous plane, it is completely achievable; products, it is a task that is basically impossible to complete.After all, after World War I, the technology gap of Germany's radial air-cooled aeroengine was too serious.

Chapter 111 The first flight is successful

It is precisely because she knows that the only BMW company in Germany that focuses on air-cooled aero engines is a novice with limited technical background, so Helena did not bet on air-cooled engines from the beginning when planning German piston aero engines. Instead, vigorously strengthen the development of the V-shaped liquid-cooled engine, which is already relatively strong in German technology.

The reason why Helena is so selective in the air-liquid battle of aero-engines is not because she has any special preference for liquid-cooled engines, or any innate aversion to air-cooled engines.It's because in Helena's eyes, although liquid-cooled engines and air-cooled engines have their own strengths and weaknesses, they can be substituted for each other in most applications. board, it is better to fully develop and consolidate their own advantages.

Based on the above concept, while Helena has spared no effort to promote the development of a new generation of V-shaped liquid-cooled aero-engines over the years, she has basically adopted a laissez-faire attitude towards BMW's air-cooled engines.

Facts have proved that the world line is still tenaciously developing according to its original track in the areas not touched by the golden fingers of the traversers.For example, BMW on this plane still introduced the R-1928 "Bumblebee" engine from Pratt & Whitney in 1690, and still developed an improved bmw132 engine this year.

If you have to say something different from the previous plane, it is because the Bavarian Aircraft Factory in this plane is still a subsidiary of BMW. In order to provide power for the bf108 trainer/sports plane developed by Ruzel, BMW is developing a nine-cylinder At the same time as the radial air-cooled engine bmw132, a V-shaped 132-cylinder air-cooled aeroengine with a power of 480 horsepower was simultaneously developed by using the technological achievements of bmw8.

However, this engine numbered bmw7 is not technically a continuation of the previous bmw6 technology, but a product of the bmw132 engine changing the cylinder arrangement.Since an air-cooled engine does not need to consider the flow of coolant like a liquid-cooled engine, the cylinder layout is much more flexible than that of a liquid-cooled engine, and it is not difficult to change from a star shape to a V shape.

Thanks to the Pratt & Whitney R-1690 "Bumblebee" technology as the foundation, the development of this V8 air-cooled engine of BMW was still very smooth. On July 1933, 7, on the runway outside the Bavarian Aircraft Factory, the equipment The bmw18-engined BF-7 trainer/sport aircraft made its maiden flight.

After completing the final inspection of the aircraft, the test pilot climbed into the cockpit, took the pilot's seat and fastened his seat belt.When the test pilot was seated, he put on his goggles and gave a thumbs up to the ground crew on the side of the runway.The ground crew also gave him a thumbs up, indicating that he could take off.

The test pilot started the plane, and with a large puff of smoke ejected from the exhaust pipes on both sides of the nose, accompanied by the roar of the engine, the three-bladed propeller at the head of the plane began to rotate. The power of the bmw7 engine is much greater than that of the As10C of Argus in the previous plane (the power is 480 horsepower and 270 horsepower respectively), so the propeller blade of the plane has also increased by one piece, from the two-blade propeller in the previous plane to a The three-bladed paddle of this plane.

As the propeller spins faster and faster, the white-painted propeller tip gradually forms a striking white circle around the nose.After the engine reached the predetermined speed, the test pilot released the brakes, and the BF-108 immediately began to taxi on the runway faster and faster.

All those present held their breath as the taxi approached takeoff speed.This time the test pilot did not decelerate the aircraft as he did in the previous high-speed taxiing test on the ground, but increased the throttle to the maximum, and then gently pulled up the joystick.The main landing gear under the front wing immediately left the ground, followed by the rear landing gear at the tail.The plane is flying!This plane, which took hundreds of days and nights of all the workers and technicians of the Bavarian aircraft factory, really flew!There was jubilation on the ground, and many people waved their hats to salute the BF-108 in the air.

As if feeling the enthusiasm from the ground, the test pilot also waved his wings gently when flying the BF-108 through the field.But after all, it was the first flight, and the BF-108 did not do too many fancy movements. For the sake of safety, even the landing gear was not retracted, but after some simple flight movements such as ascent, hovering, and low-altitude pass. BF-108 realigned the runway and landed steadily.

The speed of the plane taxiing on the runway was getting slower and slower. Before it could stop completely, the crowd waiting on the ground swarmed up and threw the test pilot who had just climbed off the plane into the sky.Since the M20 transport planes crashed one after another, although the Bavarian aircraft factory has not gone bankrupt, it is indeed quite miserable. The company needs a happy event to boost morale.

The successful maiden flight of BF-108 swept away the haze that had hung over the Bavarian aircraft factory for several years. Now the entire company, from the management and technical backbones to ordinary employees, is working hard to make BF-108 fly in the air. In the second half of 1934, the "Fourth International Tourist Aircraft Competition" was a blockbuster and worked hard.