Iron Sonata of World War II

The state provides laborers with basic housing conditions as a place for them to restore their physical strength and reproduce with their spouses. The state provides laborers with basic medical conditions to prevent diseases from depleting laborers’ ability to work. The state provides laborers with basic education. Conditions allow their labor skills to cope with more complicated labor, and the state provides laborers with basic pension conditions so that they can work with more peace of mind when they are in their prime. In Helena's eyes, the state is actually directly involved in the labor reproduction process. The purpose is to improve the efficiency of labor reproduction through the socialization of labor reproduction, and the formulation of all social security measures must take this as the starting point and focus.Although Helena's argument sounds cruel and unreasonable, her cognition is actually closer to the essence of the matter than the sentimental theories of Western welfarist economists, more suitable for the development requirements of productivity, and more in line with fundamental interests of workers.

Chapter 342 Finding the Crux

Of course, Helena didn't think of building a social security system until now. The large-scale construction of affordable housing and the large-scale expansion of enrollment in middle and higher education institutions began three years ago, but at that time, whether it was Helena or Hitler These safeguard projects are mainly used as part of the government's anti-crisis measures.For example, the main purpose of building affordable housing at that time was to absorb the unemployed and increase market demand, while the main purpose of college enrollment expansion was to delay the flow of new labor into the job market.

As a result, the previous social security projects generally had a strong sense of emergency, and the priority was given to those social security projects that could see immediate economic results. However, as the German economy has successfully overcome the most difficult times in these years and entered the fast-growing train It is also time to carry out in-depth reorganization of the entire social security system and transform the original emergency social security system during the economic crisis into a more long-term and systematic social security system.

Since the fundamental purpose of building a social security system in Germany on this plane is to improve the efficiency of labor reproduction through the socialization of the labor reproduction process, the formulation of social security measures cannot simply be based on the level of spreading money and dividing cakes. For this reason, Helen Na also carefully studied the construction process of the social security system of the Eastern and Western camps after the war. reform coordinates.

In the historical plane, the social security system of the Soviet Union existed as a part of its centrally commanded planned economic system, so the ills of the Soviet social security system are basically the ills of the Soviet planned economic system.We know that the social security system of the Soviet Union has basically achieved full coverage from ordinary workers to the top leadership of the CPSU. However, under the Soviet-style centrally commanded planned economic system, the amount of social security resources that Soviet citizens can obtain is different from that His establishment in the whole system is closely linked, and this rigid link will bring two serious problems.

The first is that the limited social resources in the Soviet Union were segmented by departments and enterprises, resulting in poor horizontal mobility. As a result, a large number of social security resources were actually confined within isolated departments and enterprises.This not only reduced the utilization efficiency of social security resources, but also led to a heavy economic burden on the state-owned enterprises in the Soviet Union.The older workers of the Republic should have experienced this. At that time, many large state-owned enterprises needed to provide employees with a full set of social security from food, clothing, housing, transportation to education and recuperation. Under this system, each large enterprise was like an independent small society. However, social security resources in each such small society are difficult to circulate and share. Originally, an important motivation for the socialization of labor reproduction was the pursuit of scale effect, but the fragmented social security resources in the Soviet Union were precisely impossible to bring about scale effect. , so how can the efficiency of social security in the Soviet Union not be low, and how can the economic burden of enterprises not be heavy?

Secondly, the Soviet Union's centrally commanded planned economic system gave the bureaucratic class room to benefit from the social security system, because the formulation of the Soviet economic plan reflected the will of the bureaucratic class to a considerable extent, and the social security enjoyed by the bureaucratic class itself It was itself an integral part of the Soviet economic plan.This led to officials in charge of formulating Soviet economic plans, proceeding from the overall interests of their class, and inevitably tended to allocate more social security resources to bureaucrats rather than ordinary workers, so we can see that from the Stalin period to the Brett During the Zhnev period, privileged bureaucrats cut more and more shares from the social security pie.The final result is that the senior bureaucrats of the Soviet Union have luxurious villas and cars, and special stores full of various high-end consumer goods, but most ordinary Soviet workers do not have the opportunity to enjoy these.

For example, Litachev, a member of the Politburo during the Brezhnev period, was originally a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union with integrity and self-discipline. When he went to Moscow to take office, the state allocated him a luxurious villa and a private car as usual. Brezhnev pointed out that he didn't need these things, but Brezhnev actually reprimanded him and said: "How can you, comrade, be special?" The disparity in the distribution of social security resources is so great that the Soviet Union It is conceivable that the gap between the bureaucratic group and ordinary laborers is so large. It can be said that the distribution of social security resources is also an important incentive for the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the future.After all, compared with the relative concealment of capitalists in Western countries when exploiting laborers, the almost open use of public resources for their own profit by the Soviet bureaucracy is undoubtedly more likely to arouse the resentment of ordinary people.

The social security system of the Soviet Union has indeed been proved by history to have serious drawbacks. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, many scholars in China, from the official to the private sector, abandoned the Soviet system as if they were shoes, and turned to the "welfare state" implemented by Western countries after the war. "The system is highly praised, but Helena cannot fully agree with this view. After all, we cannot directly use the shortcomings of the Soviet social security system to deduce the perfection of the Western social security system. The problem of this issue is also being gradually exposed, and it has also aroused reflection from the academic circles to the people in China.However, Helena also found that many netizens’ criticisms of the Western social security system are mainly focused on superficial aspects such as living without food and raising lazy people. She believes that it is far from enough to only see these, and the disadvantages of the Soviet social security system are far more rigid. Like the political and economic systems of China, the real crux of the social security systems of Western countries must also be deeply embedded in the internal logic of their entire economic systems.

Chapter 343 Parasitic Accumulation

As we mentioned earlier, the main drawback of the Soviet social security system is that resources are severely fragmented among departments and enterprises, and because the bureaucrats responsible for formulating economic plans have great power to allocate social security resources, they will inevitably give the group Driven by profit-making motives, more and more social security resources are tilted towards the bureaucratic class rather than ordinary workers.But in Helena's view, those Soviet bureaucrats who enjoy villas, luxury cars and special shops are not even very clever thieves. At least the Soviet people are well aware of the corruption and degeneration of their country's bureaucratic groups. The Soviet joke called the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity is a good proof.Compared with the Soviet bureaucracy, which can always set itself up as a target of ridicule by the public, the capital bosses in Western countries obviously have a higher rank, and their methods of eroding social security resources are much more subtle than those of the Soviet Union.

As financial capital became more and more dominant in the economic operation of Western countries after the war, all things that can bring cash flow were either actively or passively involved in the wave of asset securitization, and housing, which were the basis of labor reproduction, Resources such as medical care and education are also deeply securitized in the process.Originally, these social resources were only connected with the financial market through relatively simple credit tools, but when financial capital classified and packaged these credit tools, they turned into hot investment products in the capital market. After repackaging and processing, a large-scale financial derivatives market has finally been born in Western countries, and the excessive expansion of the financial derivatives market will in turn distort the real estate market, medical market and education market. We can call this process financial The process of parasitic accumulation of capital.

As we mentioned earlier, the fundamental purpose of the state to establish a social security system is to promote the socialization of labor reproduction and improve labor reproduction efficiency by allowing the state to directly participate in the labor reproduction process.We all know the basic significance of the housing market, medical market and education market with reasonable prices and stable supply to the reproduction of labor force. After all, these are the necessary resources to maintain the reproduction of labor force.Unfortunately, all financial capitals are born with a tendency to expand infinitely, which means that financial capital must seek to establish a complete set of parasitic accumulation mechanisms to maintain its own expansion needs. The parasitic accumulation needs of financial capital and labor force The demands of reproduction are exactly the opposite.The reproduction of labor force needs to reduce the cost of basic resources such as housing, medical care and education, while financial capital needs to extract more cash flow from here to maintain its own inflation. The reproduction of labor force requires the market to provide stable expectations, and the over-securitized market itself is imply a high degree of instability.

The social security system of western countries cannot deal with the problem of parasitic accumulation of financial capital.After all, for the governments of western countries, maintaining the asset prices in front of them is the overriding mission.After the financial crisis, the United States would rather use taxpayers' money to save Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, two private home loan mortgage companies, than to use this money to support homeless people who could not repay their mortgages during the crisis. That's how people are.Therefore, when the housing, medical and education markets themselves have been eroded by financial capital, and the demand of financial capital is contrary to the demand for reproduction of labor force, the social security system of Western countries will inevitably fail to achieve its goal of supporting the reproduction of labor force. The only priority is to maintain the current asset price.Although in the long run the shrinking of labor reproduction will inevitably lead to the loss of support for asset prices, financial capital never considers that far into the future.

Helena always believes that compared with technical issues such as encouraging lazy people, eating more than enough food, and dividing up benefits for outsiders when netizens like to talk about Western society in later generations, the parasitic accumulation of financial capital is the most fatal to the Western social security system. threat, because the former may be alleviated or avoided through specific policy adjustments, but the parasitic accumulation of financial capital is almost a systemic cancer for Western countries, which means that Western countries cannot change the basic institutional framework Remove it under the premise.Financial capital in Western countries collects “tributes” from the whole society, including the social security system, through extremely covert means, and grows itself at an unprecedented speed, but the most direct consequence of this is the destruction of the reproduction process of labor.In terms of the quantity of labor force, this is reflected in the fact that the fertility rate of Western countries cannot even maintain the normal replacement level, while in terms of the quality of labor force, it is reflected in the gradual stagnation of the growth of average life expectancy and per capita years of education in Western countries, and the degree of asset securitization. This is especially evident in the deepest America.

Chapter 344 Unfinished

A typical case of parasitic financial capital undermining the social security system is the US medical system. Before Helena crossed, the cost of medical care in the United States had accounted for about 18% of its GDP, that is to say, only medical expenditure It will consume nearly [-]% of the annual increase in national wealth in the United States, but such high-intensity medical expenditures have not brought corresponding health to Americans. The average life expectancy of the United States is not only far lower than that of most developed countries, but also quite Mexico, whose per capita GDP is much lower than itself in the south, has no obvious advantage. It is conceivable that the utilization efficiency of its medical expenditure is low.

Many people attribute the high medical prices in the United States to the high income of American medical practitioners and the high profits of pharmaceutical companies, but it should be pointed out that the high income of medical practitioners and the high profits of pharmaceutical companies are not unique to the United States. It is not persuasive to deflect the problem of inefficient use of spending to healthcare practitioners and pharmaceutical companies.In Helena's view, the crux of the deformity of medical prices in the United States is actually the parasitic accumulation of financial capital mentioned above, because neither hospitals nor pharmaceutical companies really dominate the entire US medical market, but commercial medical insurance companies. That financial institution.

According to normal market logic, medical insurance companies should stand on the side of patients to help reduce medical expenses, because lower medical expenses mean less compensation for insurance companies.But the brightest financial minds at health insurers quickly figured out a loophole in the system. Rather than trying to negotiate cuts with hospitals to lower payouts, they passed more of those costs on to patients. , the problem is that although patients are weak, they are not fools after all. If your compensation ratio is too low, who else will buy your insurance?So in order to make patients pay more willingly, large US health insurance companies began to collude with hospitals and pharmaceutical companies to create false medical cost bases.

The specific operating mechanism is roughly as follows: we assume that the actual medical expenses of a patient with a certain disease is 50 US dollars, and the medical insurance company provides a compensation rate of 80%. The next $10 should be paid by the insurance company.However, the insurance company negotiated with the hospital and the pharmaceutical company, and directly billed the patient $40, so that according to the bill data, the patient should pay $200, and the insurance company should pay $40.Of course, it is impossible for the medical insurance company to actually pay the $160, because this bill worth up to $160 is just for the patient to see. The actual bill agreed between the insurance company and the hospital is still the previous $200. The hospital pays $50.

In the above example, it is not difficult to see that by collaborating with hospitals and pharmaceutical companies to create a false cost base, the insurance company that was supposed to pay 200% of the medical expenses for the patients actually only paid [-]%, while the patients who should have only borne [-]% of the medical expenses In fact, it bears [-]%.And so the patient is thankful to the health insurance company, because if the patient didn't buy health insurance, they would really have to pay the full $[-] written on the fake bill.

This method of falsifying the base of medical expenses not only made American medical insurance companies rich, but also caused the continuous false inflation of the American medical market. In the original historical plane in 2018, the five largest medical insurance giants in the United States The total operating income of the company has reached a scale of nearly 8000 billion U.S. dollars, and even Express Pharmacy, which specializes in undertaking the drug management business outsourced by these giants, has a revenue of hundreds of billions of dollars.Compared with these behind-the-scenes bosses engaged in financial and service outsourcing, Johnson & Johnson and Pfizer, two leading companies in the US pharmaceutical industry that are often scolded on the hot search, had operating income of only US$816 billion and US$557 billion in the same year.Helena can say that before she crossed over, the medical industry in the United States had already become a colony of Wall Street financial capital. With the need to pay huge tributes to the financial bosses on Wall Street every year, the medical expenses in the United States became extremely high. It should be a matter of course.

The former U.S. commander, Ao Guanhai, probably realized that the continued expansion of medical expenses would bankrupt the United States, so when he formulated the medical reform plan, he tried to establish a state-owned medical insurance company to compete with private medical insurance companies. However, this curve-saving strategy Obviously touched the cake of the financial giants, interest groups quickly gathered forces to launch a massive public opinion siege against Aoguanhai, and there was even a vicious incident in which the office of a congressman who supported Aoguanhai's medical reform was shot.As a result, Ao Guanhai, who had vowed to reform the medical system, was finally forced to make a comprehensive compromise. In the revised reform plan, all clauses that were unfavorable to private medical insurance companies were castrated, and the proposal to establish a state-owned medical insurance company was naturally shelved.

In the end, Ao Guanhai's medical reform not only failed to stop the expansion of medical expenses, but made the medical insurance costs of the middle class in the United States even heavier, because Ao Guanhai forced the equalization of medical insurance costs without forcing financial groups to give up profits. It means that the relatively affluent British and German middle class pay more to pay for the more vulnerable groups without medical insurance.The result is that Ao Guanhai's medical insurance reform not only failed to achieve the desired goal, but accidentally ignited the long-standing populist sentiment of Germanic whites, which in turn led American society into a larger-scale ethnic split.Of course, the financial groups on Wall Street are still the biggest winners of this health care reform. Anyway, the ethnic infighting caused by social tearing will not delay their continued collection of tribute from the whole society. The performance of American medical insurance companies after the Aoguanhai medical reform Continue to be popular across the board.

In fact, the colony of parasitic financial capital in the United States is not limited to the medical field?In the United States, housing, education, and even pensions are all places you can think of, and there are vultures similar to medical insurance companies circling.Under such circumstances, any reform of the US government in terms of social security is ineffective, because the parasitic accumulation of financial capital is like a cancer cell that is constantly proliferating. Taxes collected from income groups are used to redistribute resources such as housing, medical care, and education. However, if financial capital cannot be prevented from parasitic blood-sucking, no matter how the U.S. government redistributes resources, it will eventually turn into nourishment for the expansion of financial capital , and blocking the parasitic accumulation of financial capital is an impossible task for the U.S. government.

Chapter 345 Autonomous Management

By summarizing the successes and failures of the Eastern camp represented by Sulian and the Western camp represented by the United States in the construction of the social security system in the original historical plane, Helena's answer to how to build the German social security system in her own plane also begins in her gradually became clearer in his mind.Considering that the establishment of a complete social security system is a very complex and systematic project, Helena certainly cannot take care of every detail of this project, but she can put forward guiding principles and framework suggestions for building a social security system , and these concepts proposed by Helena are often more valuable than those specific implementation terms.

Germany is the first country in the world to establish a relatively complete social security system. In order to alleviate the increasingly sharp class conflicts, Bismarck, the prime minister known for his iron-blood policy during the Second German Empire, promulgated and implemented the "Disease Protection System" as early as 1883 to 1889. The Insurance Law, the Workers' Compensation Law and the Disability and Pension Insurance Law, the three special laws in the field of social security, took the lead in establishing a relatively complete social insurance system internationally, and the system created by Bismarck was later adopted. The origin of the most widely adopted social insurance-type social security system in the world.

Helena, who has always pursued prudence in reforms, naturally would not choose to completely overturn the achievements of Bismarck's reforms. After all, the social security model created by Bismarck before Helena passed through can still stand the test of time. Based on the experience and lessons learned in the work, under the guidance of the goal of improving the efficiency of labor reproduction through the socialization of labor reproduction, large-scale innovations have been carried out on the parts of this system that do not meet the requirements of the development of the times. The integration of social resources led by the government is Helen Na is the top priority of this reform.

"my country's social security system is mainly composed of two parts. The first part is the social insurance system for employees, employers and the government to help each other, which is also the core of the entire social security system. The cooperative system is mainly used to coordinate the cooperative relationship between labor and capital. But the most important question for the government to answer now is: what role should the government play in this system? If the role of the government in the social security system is limited to Sitting in a row for everyone, eating Guoguo obviously cannot meet the passing standard.” Helena once said this to Hitler.

In fact, in Helena's opinion, the government itself should not be the main source of funds for the social security system, because that would only bring a bloated administrative organization and a heavy financial burden to the government. Supervision and feedback needs to consume a lot of administrative resources.However, if the government wants to obtain resources for a certain national economic sector, it is not the only way to directly invest financial funds. We must never forget that the government itself is the main maker of market rules.The government uses this identity to guide the allocation of social resources, which is far more efficient than investing money directly.

Therefore, Helena believes that in addition to social relief for those who lack the ability to work, social favors for special contributors, and help to balance social insurance accounts when necessary, the government really needs to directly inject financial capital, and most of the time the government should focus its energy Put it in the direction of guiding the flow of social resources.That is to say, the government is responsible for helping the social security system to absorb social resources and formulate a fair rule framework, but the government does not directly participate in the daily management of social insurance affairs, but hand over these daily affairs to non-profit social insurance management institutions with labor autonomy .

In principle, these non-profit social insurance management institutions are set up according to the industry. Its board of directors is elected by the insured personnel through social elections. The board of directors relies on a small proportion of premium income to maintain its normal operation.And this kind of independent status in terms of legal status, personnel appointment and removal, and financial sources is conducive to ensuring that social insurance management agencies enjoy full autonomy in handling insurance affairs. They can even formulate regulations for specific business operations within the legal framework, while the government The competent authority reserves legal supervision only over these autonomous bodies.

However, the high degree of autonomy of social insurance institutions does not mean that the government can act as a hands-off shopkeeper, because social security needs to involve a lot of social resources, and it is impossible for a single social insurance institution to coordinate these resources.For example, the construction of affordable housing requires sufficient labor and building materials, and these resources need to be coordinated by the government.For example, the government can help the unemployment insurance department and the housing security department connect directly through matchmaking. The unemployed who need work-for-work relief can be the labor force for housing construction on the other side.

3Chapter 16 partial accumulation

Helena’s proposal to build an autonomous social security mechanism under the overall supervision and coordination of the government is not a whim. In fact, the construction of the social security system in Germany after World War II in the original historical plane is also following this path. Very profound historical tradition, as early as the Weimar Germany period, a large number of social insurance autonomous organizations appeared, and the historical experience of the decades after the war has also proved the effectiveness of this management mechanism.

In the original historical plane, the Chinese Socialist Party once announced the abolition of the autonomous management of social security, and instead established a highly centralized social security management system similar to the Crisis Federation, but later facts proved that the actual effect of the National Socialist Party was not ideal, because Excessive government intervention in the microcosmic operation of the social security system has not only led to the rapid expansion of the bureaucratic system related to social security management, but also brought corruption and power rent-seeking that are difficult to eradicate.

Therefore, based on the successful experience and failure lessons of the countries in the original historical plane, Helena believes that strengthening the government's coordination and supervision functions at the macro level, and encouraging the self-management of social self-government institutions at the micro level is the correct direction for the construction of the social security management system.In addition to perfecting the social insurance management mechanism, Helena's most important influence on the German social security system in the original plane is to change the fund balance method of pension insurance from the traditional pay-as-you-go system to a partial accumulation system.

The pay-as-you-go system of endowment insurance funds mentioned here is to use the premiums paid by the incumbents to pay the pensions of the retirees. There is no accumulation, so there is a high degree of dependence on the current income of pensions. If a severe economic crisis makes it difficult to collect pensions, or changes in population structure lead to a shrinking pension collection base, this method of fund balance will immediately face difficulties.

If there is a fund balance crisis in the pension pay-as-you-go system, the means to solve the crisis are very limited: either increase the insurance premium rate that the incumbent needs to pay, or delay the retirement age for retirees to receive pensions, or rely on the state finance to fill the pension gap , and no matter which method is used, it will bring huge problems.Increasing the payment rate of pension insurance premiums will reduce the willingness of young people to work, because under the pay-as-you-go system, you may not get more after retirement when you pay more when you are young; postponing the pension age will not only seriously damage the economic interests of those who are close to retirement, but also It hinders the normal metabolic rhythm of the labor market. As for relying on the state finance to fill the pension gap, it will put a heavy financial burden on the state.

These contradictions have become more and more imminent in countries with pay-as-you-go pension systems. The main reasons are of course the long-term economic downturn after the financial crisis and the increasingly severe trend of population aging.Although Germany's economic development momentum is strong and there is no threat of aging for the time being, Helena knows that Germany is likely to lose millions of young and middle-aged people in the upcoming war. If the pay-as-you-go method is still adopted Balance pensions. After the war, it is very likely that there will be a huge pension hole due to the reduction of the working-age population. Therefore, whether it is to deal with recent war casualties or to deal with long-term economic fluctuations and population aging, the reform of pension Fundraising methods are imperative.

The pension raising method corresponding to the pay-as-you-go system is the complete accumulation system. This pension raising method developed in some countries after the war in the original historical plane is also called the fund system.In this pension fund raising mode, each worker contributes to the pension fund managed by the state during his own working cycle, and his fund account also earns interest and increases in value over time. After retirement, the funds in his fund account The principal and interest become his pension income.In short, the full pension fund system is a fund-raising model in which each worker builds savings when he is young for his own use after retirement.

The advantage of this way of raising funds is first of all that it can form a large amount of national savings in the fund account, and higher savings can not only increase investment, but also form a strong resistance to short-term economic fluctuations and demographic changes.The second is that the amount of contributions paid by each person during the working cycle is directly linked to the amount of pensions that can be received after retirement. Compared with the pay-as-you-go system used by young people to pay for retirees, it is conducive to improving the work enthusiasm and enthusiasm of workers.Of course, the pension fund operation method of the full accumulation system and the accumulation system also has shortcomings, that is, the state must ensure that the long-term rate of return of the pension fund can outperform the inflation rate of the same period, otherwise it will cause the actual shrinkage of the national pension fund account, and then there is Although the model can adjust the income distribution of each worker within the life cycle, it cannot adjust the income distribution among workers, that is to say, it cannot adjust the income gap.

Helena's suggestion is to combine these two funding methods.That is to say, the endowment insurance premium paid by each employee is divided into two parts: basic pension and excess pension. The basic pension is compulsory, and the fund management method of pay-as-you-go is adopted. The purpose is to ensure the most basic survival of retirees. need.The excess pension is paid voluntarily, and you can pay more and get more within the upper limit stipulated by the state. This part of the pension fund adopts the management method of the full accumulation system, and the fund account provided by the state is in principle higher than or equal to the central bank's long-term deposit interest rate. growth rate.According to Helena's statement to Hitler, this system of overpaid and overpaid pensions can effectively prevent young Germans from lying flat.

The management method of pension funds proposed by Helena is actually called the partial accumulation system in later generations. It is a management method of pension funds that takes into account economic efficiency and fair distribution. In fact, before Helena crossed over, China's pension management system was also changing The transition from the pay-as-you-go system to the partial accumulation system is only progressing slowly due to the problem of historical arrears.Fortunately, these problems did not exist in Germany at this time. After all, before World War II, Germany’s urbanization was close to 70%, which was the highest level of urbanization among all industrialized countries at that time. In the past century, it is fully possible to complete the transformation of pension fund-raising methods in accordance with the principle of old methods for the elderly and new methods for newcomers.

3Chapter 17 Breathing Fire

Compared with the group of German aviation designers who generally have a deep professional background and even a doctorate title, Reginald Mitchell, the chief designer of the British Supermarine Company, is definitely a very special existence in this field. The great aeronautical designers who made history didn't even finish high school, and because of family difficulties, they went to factories as apprentices.Although it was already quite hard work just to complete the job, Mitchell just relied on night school and self-study to light up the skill tree of aircraft design, and then he was hired by Super Marlin and promoted to chief engineer. This year Mitchell Only 24 years old.

Mitchell, who had just entered the aeronautical design hall, quickly showed his amazing talent. At that time, the British Supermarine Company was fighting fiercely with the Italian Machi Aviation for the throne of the "Schneider Cup" seaplane competition. And Mitchell's work finally helped Super Marlin secure the victory of this competition with a perfect three-peat.But these glories are obviously not the highest peak of Mitchell's career, because in the subsequent bidding for fighter jets of the British Royal Air Force, the novel design scheme he put forward once again eclipsed all competitors. Vickers, the parent company of Super Marlin, It also received research and development funding from the UK government.

Robert McClean, the chairman of the board of directors of Vickers, proudly named this fighter "Spitfire", although Mitchell himself was very disgusted with this name, which has the meaning of "vixen" in British slang. Friends complained about the name as a fool, but Mitchell's complaints could not change the company boss's soft spot for the name, so his protest against the naming of the fighter was eventually declared invalid.In the end, Mitchell, whose arm couldn't twist his thigh, was forced to temporarily forget the unhappiness of naming, and focused all his energy on the design of this new fighter.

However, the situation that the British Super Marlin company in this plane needs to face when developing the "Spitfire" fighter jet is very different from the original history, because the Bavarian aircraft factory in Germany pushed the BF-108 series they developed to After the market launch, the British aviation industry inevitably felt the competitive pressure brought by this star product.Moreover, as the British gradually learned about the detailed performance of this type of fighter through the foreign trade market, the competitive pressure brought by the BF-108 is increasing day by day, which also makes Mitchell, who is solely in charge of the design of the "Spitfire" fighter, feel The responsibility on the shoulders is getting heavier.

Especially after the Italian-Egyptian war, the improved BF-108A2 fighter jet that the Germans took advantage of to sell in the international market, is based on the powerful firepower of two 7.92mm nose machine guns and two 13.25mm wing root machine guns and 556 kilometers per hour. The level flight speed has re-established the benchmark for advanced fighter jets in the new era. That is to say, for Super Marlin, which was ordered to develop a new fighter jet for the Royal Air Force, if their products cannot fully suppress the BF-108 series on the other side in terms of performance, then All the efforts of the company's design team are meaningless. After all, even a fool knows that German designers will not be satisfied with BF-108A2 forever.

Faced with the German's competing fighters showing performance far beyond expectations, Super Marlin's chief designer Mitchell resolutely decided to temporarily suspend the development of the first prototype of the "Spitfire" fighter on this plane. Manufacturing, and turned to a comprehensive modification and optimization of the design details of the fighter.Although this difficult decision may cause the first flight of the fighter jet to be delayed for several months, Mitchell does have a reason why he must do it: their initial design can also overwhelm the German BF-108A2 fighter jet in flight performance , but it usually takes about two years from the first flight of a fighter plane to the delivery of troops, and in this era of rapid aviation technology, two years means that opponents can easily come up with better works. If the army still has a performance advantage when it is in service, it must open a sufficient performance gap with the opponent at the design stage.

However, when Mitchell was ambitiously preparing to do a big job, he was diagnosed with rectal cancer just like the original historical plane, but Mitchell didn't mean to stop the design work at all, he not only flatly rejected the doctor's resignation He suggested recuperation, but instead, he raced against time to immerse himself in the studio full of drawings, because he knew that the "Spitfire" fighter jet in his hand was probably the last work in his design career, so he could never tolerate this work Any imperfections, of course "perfect" here may need to exclude the damn name of "Spitfire" fighter that he always complains about but can't change.

When the time axis of this plane advances to July 1936, 7, the first prototype of the "Spitfire" fighter jet developed by Super Marlin finally ushered in its first test flight, which is more than the "Spitfire" fighter plane of the original historical plane. The first flight was delayed by more than four months, but the four months of delay were obviously not wasted. If Helena was on the scene, she would definitely be able to immediately find out that the prototype of the "Spitfire" and the plane in the original historical plane The difference in the appearance of the "Spitfire" prototype, of course, is that Helena is impossible to see these, just like the British still don't understand the performance of the BF-9 fighter jet that Germany is developing on this plane.

When Matt Summers, the test pilot responsible for the first flight of the "Spitfire" fighter jet, came to the edge of the airport, Mitchell, the chief designer, was already waiting there. He looked thinner than when he took over the project last year. Many, but the mental state is unexpectedly good, so that it is hard for anyone who does not know the inside story to believe that this designer is actually a terminally ill patient.Summers and Mitchell shook hands and asked with a smile, "How fast do you think she can fly, Chief?"

"When flying at an altitude of 5700 meters, you can reach a top speed of 375 miles per hour." Mitchell's answer is very short and simple, which is equivalent to a speed of 603.5 kilometers per hour when converted into metric units.

"Are you serious? You can even give such accurate numbers?" Test pilot Summers asked in disbelief.

"Excluding the influence of high-altitude wind speed, the up and down error of speed will not exceed 3 miles per hour," Mitchell replied solemnly.In other words, in the original historical plane, the maximum level flight speed of the "Spitfire" prototype calculated by Mitchell was 563 kilometers per hour, while the actual measured speed obtained by the test pilot was 561 kilometers per hour. The difference between the two is only Two kilometers per hour, which shows that Mitchell's theoretical level and calculation skills are quite profound.

The author has something to say: A "fire-breathing" stronger than the original historical plane is coming.

Chapter 348 Don't Change

Although Matt Summers, the chief test pilot of Super Marlin, was not the first to witness the true face of the "Spitfire" fighter jet, when he saw the white-painted prototype parked at the airport again, he was very impressed when he piloted it. Summers, who has experienced countless aircraft, will still be deeply attracted by the elegant temperament exuded by this masterpiece of the aviation industry in front of him: the fuselage is completely designed according to the streamline shape, the elliptical wing with the lowest theoretically induced resistance, the vertical tail and the flat tail complement each other. Deducting the curvilinear aesthetics to the extreme, Summers even wondered whether the design team led by Mitchell secretly stole the aesthetic reserves of future British designers.

When the "Spitfire" prototype in the original historical plane flew for the first time, its fuselage design obviously still had many traces of crudeness and simplicity. Super Marlin has more funds and time, which allows the "Spitfire" in this plane to correct most of the problems during the prototype design stage, so it is obvious that the test pilots are now more complete than the original aircraft. A work with a higher level of history.

Although due to the progress of the development of Rolls-Royce, which is responsible for providing the engine, the "Spitfire" prototype on this plane can still get the "Merlin" engine that is only equipped with a single-stage single-speed supercharger during its first flight. In the early version, and the maximum output power of the engine was only 1030 horsepower, which was similar to the original historical plane, but after several months of hard work, the team led by Mitchell insisted on changing the design maximum level flight speed of the model from 563 horsepower per hour. The kilometer has been increased to 605 kilometers per hour. Such a dazzling achievement is mainly due to the new design's improvement of engine power utilization efficiency and the reduction of resistance brought about by aerodynamic optimization.

Compared with the original design, Super Marlin's final design has improved. First of all, the original pair of fixed-pitch two-blade wooden propellers, which looked poor, were changed to two-blade three-blade metal propellers designed by Havilland. propeller.Because the original two-blade propeller still cannot fully absorb the engine power even at the highest speed, which leads to the fact that the fighter engine obviously still has residual power after reaching the maximum speed, but the propeller just cannot cash this surplus power into actual pulling force, and the original The fixed pitch design cannot change the angle of attack of the blades, which will make it difficult to balance the operating conditions of takeoff and cruise.

Now the number of blades of the new propeller provided by Havilland has been increased from two to three, so that the design power of the engine can be completely absorbed.Moreover, the angle of attack of the blades of the new propeller also provides two gears for the pilot to choose. When taking off, use a high speed with a small blade angle, and use a low speed with a large blade angle when cruising.These measures are all to make the propeller of the "fire" better use the power of the engine. In the original historical plane, the British did not make this improvement until after 1938, and successfully increased the speed of the fighter to 591 kilometers per hour. , and their pace on this plane is obviously much faster than the original historical plane.

While replacing the aircraft with a new type of propeller with higher efficiency, the British also used their brains on the use of engine exhaust gas this time. According to the original design plan, the engine exhaust gas should pass through the six pairs of exhaust holes on both sides of the nose to the sides. Exhaust directly, but in the new design scheme, the exhaust method is changed: the six exhaust streams on each side are first merged into three exhaust streams in twos, and then flow backward through three horn-shaped exhaust pipes that bend backwards. discharge.This design can convert part of the energy of exhaust gas expansion into thrust, so it can slightly increase the speed of the fighter.Originally, this improvement should also be adopted on the improved models after 1938, but the butterfly effect brought by Helena made this improvement of the "Spitfire" fighter in this plane appear in advance.

Improving propellers and exhaust pipes is a measure to directly improve the efficiency of engine power utilization, but in addition, aerodynamic drag reduction has also made a considerable contribution to the improvement of the performance of the "Spitfire" prototype on this plane.For example, the rear landing gear of the "Spitfire" prototype in the original historical plane used a small fixed skid, but in this plane it was changed to a tail wheel that could be stowed in flight; Compared with the German BF-109 fighter that uses full countersunk rivets, the half countersunk rivets used by the British "Spitfire" fighters have disadvantages in reducing and air friction resistance, but Mitchell in this plane is modifying the " When designing the Spitfire, they insisted on using full countersunk rivets as an important technical improvement item. Therefore, the disadvantage of the Spitfire in the original historical plane was eliminated by Mitchell in the prototype stage.

It is worth pointing out that in the original historical plane, Britain did not use full countersunk rivets for the "Spitfire", not because the aviation manufacturing technology of the British is far behind that of Germany, but because if the riveting of the entire fighter is changed rashly Craftsmanship is likely to have a negative impact on the production capacity and quality control of the aviation industry in the short term. It is obviously unacceptable for any decision-maker to take such a risk to reduce that little friction resistance during a fierce war.However, the "Spitfire" fighter in this plane is fortunately in peacetime, and fortunately in the prototype stage, so the designers change the riveting process in pursuit of more extreme performance, it will not give this type of infantry How much production process switching costs will be added to fighter jets.

These drastic design improvements made by the British design team have increased the design speed of the "Spitfire" prototype in this plane by about 40 kilometers per hour when the engine performance basically changes, and the test pilot Summers also in the subsequent test flight It fully proves the accuracy of Mitchell's calculations, because he did reach a maximum speed of 374 miles per hour (about 602 kilometers) at the corresponding height, which is surprisingly consistent with the calculation of the chief designer Mitchell.Of course, this is only the speed that the prototype can achieve. If it is necessary to turn the prototype into a service model that can be used in military operations, the maximum level flight speed may be slightly reduced due to factors such as equipment weight gain, but this does not affect the standard The fact that the basic design of the "fire-breathing" plane is better than that of the original historical plane.

During the test flight, Summers not only verified the high speed of the "Spitfire", but also verified the excellent control experience of this fighter. In the eyes of test pilot Summers, this plane is simply his dream lover. When he After landing the plane safely and jumping out of the cockpit excitedly, the first words he said to the designers who came to greet him were: "Don't change anything!" It's so perfect that there's not much that needs to be changed.

Chapter 349 Preparing for Mass Production

The observers sent by the Royal Air Force are very satisfied with the excellent performance of the "Spitfire" prototype in its first flight. Although there is still a long way between the first flight of the first prototype and the service of the mass-produced model, The British Royal Air Force, which is extremely eager to obtain advanced equipment, can't wait to sign a purchase contract with Super Marlin for more than [-] new fighter jets.According to the expectations of the project team of Super Marlin, if the progress of the development of the "Spitfire" fighter can be basically smooth, the Royal Air Force will be able to obtain the first mass-produced model of this type of fighter before the end of the next year.

Helena didn't know at this time that the butterfly effect she brought to this plane had already had an impact on the British aviation industry, but even if she knew, she wouldn't necessarily be frustrated with the progress of her competitors, because Helena knew clearly The world she transmigrated into was not an online novel, and she couldn't expect the author of her parents to give her opponent a halo of intelligence reduction at any time. Therefore, if Helena wanted to maintain the existing technological advantages of the Luftwaffe, she must not There is no slack in equipment research and development.

It is said that since the test pilot Hermann Ulstad completed the first flight of the BF-109 prototype in this plane at the beginning of last year, the design team jointly led by Ruzel and Messerschmidt has been investigating the problems exposed in the test flight. To make corrections, the Bavarian Aircraft Factory built a total of 109 prototypes in different states to participate in the test mission during this period. Transform into a truly efficient weapon of war at a speed visible to the naked eye.With the initial stabilization of the technical status of this type of fighter, the German Air Force has also made a decision to formally equip the BF-109 fighter from next year, so the Bavarian factory is now preparing for the mass production of the aircraft.

首批量产型的BF-109机鼻和翼根处各装备两挺13.25毫米航空机枪，总共四挺13.25毫米航空机枪的火力相比原型机的四挺7.92毫米机枪有很大提升，而这主要是根据德国航空志愿队在意埃战争中获得的经验所进行的改进。德国航空志愿队装备的BF-108A2搭载有两挺7.92毫米机鼻机枪和两挺13.25毫米翼根机枪，其中的7.92毫米机枪虽然在面对意军的菲亚特CR.32这样的单发战机时表现尚可，但是在面对诸如卡普罗尼Ca.101这样的三发轰炸机时，德国7.92毫米机枪便明显遇到毁伤能力孱弱的尴尬。

When a BF-108A2 of the German Air Volunteer Team chased a fleeing Italian Caproni Ca.101 bomber, the two 13.25mm wing-root machine guns could not shoot because of the failure of the onboard electronic control system. As a result, the BF-108A2 was used The two 7.92mm machine guns on the nose chased the Italian plane and fired all the way, but what made the German pilot crazy was that until the ammunition of the 7.92mm machine guns was exhausted, the Italian bomber with bullet holes all over it was beaten to the ground. But in the end he stumbled out of the range of the German plane, leaving the German pilot yelling on the radio.

The German designer who learned the lesson finally decided to upgrade the weapons of the first mass-produced BF-109 to four 13.25mm machine guns. In addition to the improvement, there are also the same advantages of ballistics.In fact, Helena knows that as the new aircraft of various countries become more and more resistant to attack, even the current configuration of four 108mm machine guns will soon face the dilemma of insufficient damage. The ideal firepower configuration should be a combination of two 2mm machine guns and two 7.92mm machine guns.However, considering that the German 13.25mm machine gun with ideal performance has not yet been developed, and the firepower of the four 13.25mm machine guns is still sufficient for the time being, Helena has no objection to this, anyway, as long as there is enough installation space now , It is not difficult to upgrade the airborne weapons in the future.

In addition to the conventional upgrade of the weapon system, the position of the leading edge of the wing of the first mass-produced BF-109 has also been moved forward by about 30 mm. The chord length is slightly increased, and the wing area is therefore increased from 109 square meters of the prototype to 17.25 square meters, which offsets the forward movement of the center of gravity and the increase in empty weight caused by the increase in weapon equipment. The remaining changes are such as the replacement of new reflectors It seems insignificant to improve the reliability of the brake system, but it is very important to the actual combat effectiveness of the fighter.

However, due to the increased weight of the empty aircraft due to the addition of various equipment, and the expansion of the wing area will also increase the resistance, so the maximum level flight speed of the first mass-produced BF-109 is also slightly lower than that of the prototype. : It has dropped from 693.4 kilometers per hour to 680 kilometers per hour, but even after the decline, the speed is still considerable.

If the first mass-produced model of BF-109 in this plane is compared with the most classic BF-109F model in the original historical plane, when the maximum power of both engines is 1350 horsepower, the BF-109F in the original historical plane The maximum level flight speed of the BF-627F can only reach about 109 kilometers per hour, while the first mass production model of the BF-109 in the original plane has slightly increased in size and weight, but the maximum level flight speed is still faster than the original history. The BF-50F in the plane is more than 109 kilometers faster, which is enough to prove the great success of the BF-[-] fighter in this plane in improving engine power utilization efficiency and reducing aerodynamic resistance.

3 Chapter Fifty Upgrade Plan

In view of the significant differences in the technical parameters of the first batch of BF-109 fighters purchased by the German Air Force compared with their prototypes, this batch of initial mass-produced models soon obtained the official number of BF-109B from the German military. What is more interesting is that BF-109B is actually the first mass-produced model of BF-109 obtained by the Luftwaffe in the original historical plane. Of course, the performance of the BF-109B in this plane is not comparable to the model of the same name in the original historical plane. .

在海伦娜看来本位面中的BF-109B除四挺13.25毫米机枪的机载火力稍显贫弱外，其他各项性能指标都明显超越了原历史位面中德国的BF-109F系列以及英国的喷火-5系列。海伦娜甚至认为本位面中的BF-109B战机日后只需要将翼根处的两挺13.25毫米航空机枪换成威力更大的20毫米航空机炮，就完全有资格和原历史位面中英国的喷火-9系列战机相抗衡。

Your eyes are not deceiving you here. Now that the BF-109B in the hands of Germany has strengthened its weapon configuration, it relies on the Maybach HL-87 single-stage supercharged engine that only needs to use No. 360 aviation gasoline. With an intake pressure of 1.3 kilograms per square centimeter and a maximum power output of only 1350 horsepower, it can be equipped with the two-stage two-speed supercharged Merlin-1720 engine with a power of up to 66 horsepower in the original historical plane, using 100/150 The British Spitfire-1.76, which can reach an intake pressure of 9 kilograms per square centimeter at the time of high-standard aviation gasoline, is happy to drink, and even the Spitfire-9 in the historical plane can only rely on the altitude of more than 7000 meters. The two-stage supercharger with better high-altitude characteristics and the larger wing take advantage. If we only discuss the comprehensive maneuverability in the middle and low airspace, then the Spitfire-9 in the original historical plane is even better than the BF-109B in the original plane. Even slightly inferior.

Considering that the BF-109 series are cheap consumables in the future equipment planning of the Luftwaffe, Helena has repeatedly pondered how to use only the most common No. 87 aviation gasoline as early as the beginning of the development of this type of fighter. The last-generation piston fighter jets equipped by the Allied forces in the plane drink high-grade fuel.The goal set by Helena seems to be talking in a dream at first glance, but over the years she has steadily promoted the progress of German aviation technology, the goal that was originally a castle in the air has become within reach, and now the future BF-109 series of fighters Helena also has a clear plan for the upgrade path in her mind.

In view of the fact that the current aerodynamic layout of BF-109B in this plane has been designed quite well, Helena believes that in the future, the BF-109 series will not only need to adjust the airborne weapons according to the mission objectives, but the core improvement work should be in the Under the premise of not needing to increase the demand for fuel quality, the power output of the Maybach HL360 inverted V-shaped 12-cylinder engine should be increased in a planned way. You must know that even with the specified restrictions on the use of No. 87 aviation fuel, the current Maybach HL360 engine runs at 2400 revolutions per minute The high speed and the intake pressure of 1.3 kilograms per square centimeter are far from realizing the full performance potential of the engine.According to the HL360 engine performance improvement roadmap provided by Maybach, the BF-109 series in this plane is expected to increase the power output in a three-step rhythm, and now the engineers of Maybach are still working on completing the first step of improvement in the plan. Strive hard.

The first step in the power improvement roadmap provided by Maybach, the general idea is to continue to explore the potential while basically keeping the existing structural framework of the engine unchanged.Specifically, it is to continue to use No. 87 aviation gasoline and a single-stage supercharger with a hydraulic torque converter, but slightly increase the maximum engine speed from 2400 rpm to 2500 rpm, and at the same time slightly improve the supercharger centrifugal impeller Increasing the air flow and compression ratio of the supercharger to increase the intake pressure from the current 1.3 kg/cm1.48 to 1350 kg/cm1500 while accommodating the increase in engine speed is expected to increase the size and weight of the engine While basically remaining the same, the maximum output power at takeoff was increased from [-] horsepower to [-] horsepower.

换装这款改进型发动机后的BF-109战机预计能在6800米高度获得超过每小时700千米的最大平飞速度，届时BF-109的性能如果放会到原历史位面将能全面超越英国的喷火-9系列。事实上即使是诸如喷火-14或者P-51D这样的战争后期出现型号，如果在中低空域遇到换发后的BF-109也没有必胜的把握。当然考虑到喷火-14或者P-51D战机所使用的二级增压器拥有比单级增压器更高的临界高度，也就是说它们的二级增压器能在更高的高度维持住最大进气压力，所以在7000米以上的高空还是能压制住本位面采用单级增压器的BF-109系列战机的。

Now that the limitations of the single-stage supercharger are known, the next improvement direction is naturally to make up for this shortcoming, so the next key improvement goal of Maybach is to replace the engine with a two-stage supercharger.It is said that the BF-109 fighter plane in the historical plane has used single-stage supercharging for a long time. Although it is a very good design to use hydraulic torque conversion for the supercharger, it can allow the speed of the supercharger to be infinitely adjusted within the design range. , but the defect of the low critical height of the single-stage supercharger cannot be compensated by the hydraulic torque converter.The reason why the BF-109 fighter jets in the historical plane have used single-stage superchargers for a long time is that, in addition to the lack of intercooler to limit the intake pressure, the installation space of the supercharger is cramped and it also needs a lot of blame. Installing their favorite center-axis cannon in the middle forced the supercharger to be arranged on the side of the engine instead of the rear, thus greatly limiting the axial size of the supercharger. Considering the internal space of the BF-109 body It's so small, it's really powerless to install another supercharger.

Fortunately, these problems in the historical plane do not exist in this plane, because the HL-109 engine used in the BF-360 in this plane not only has an intercooler at the beginning of the design, but also does not need to consider the installation of the shaft gun In addition, the body space of the BF-109 on this plane is slightly larger than that on the historical plane. In the future, it is no problem for Maybach to add a coaxial supercharger in series on the basis of a single-stage supercharger.In this way, although the intake pressure will not be particularly obvious due to the increase in the fuel grade, the introduction of the new supercharging stage can easily increase the critical height of the supercharger from less than 7000 meters to more than 8000 meters, thus greatly improving the high-altitude performance of the fighter. , This is the main content of the second step in Maybach's three-step plan.Although this step of improvement will increase the intake pressure of the engine relatively limited, it is estimated that it can only reach a level slightly exceeding 1.5 kilograms per square centimeter, but Maybach can also increase the engine power by continuing to increase the speed. In this plan, they plan to Increase the engine speed to 2800 revolutions per minute, so that the engine power can reach about 1750 horsepower. At this time, the BF-109 fighter can really compete with the Spitfire-14 or P-51D fighter in the historical plane. And the confidence to win.

至于迈巴赫公司发动机改进计划中的最后一张底牌，就是在第二步的基础上依靠向发动机增压器内喷射甲醇和水的混合物，将燃油的抗爆震能力提高到相当于100号燃油的水准。这种措施能把发动机的进气压力在短时间内提高到超过2.0千克每平方厘米，从而在限定时间内给HL-360型发动机提供超过2200马力的加力功率，这样即使对面能拿出媲美历史位面中喷火-24或者P-51H的使用100/150号燃油的末日活塞式战机，海伦娜依然有信心让本位面中的BF-109战机凭借廉价的87号航空汽油继续蹦跶。

Helena said that no matter what tricks the opponent can make in the field of piston fighters, anyway, the BF-109 series fighters on the German side must insist on drinking the classic No. 87 aviation gasoline until the end of the war.

Chapter 351 Double Fight

As Helena has made substantial progress in promoting the integration of the domestic military industry over the years, the German aviation manufacturing industry, which had a relatively high degree of resource dispersion, has recently been involved in the wave of concern.Several major aviation manufacturing companies in Germany were matched by the Imperial Aeronautical Technology Department, and through the mutual conclusion of control and profit transfer contracts and stock exchanges, they finally formed the so-called "German Aviation Industry Consortium" under the witness of Helena. Extra-large Concern Group.This can also be regarded as helping the German aviation manufacturing industry to adapt to the development trend of later generations in advance. It must be known that although the world's aviation manufacturing industry is still in a state of contention, with the increasing capital and technology intensity in the aviation manufacturing field, aviation manufacturing is rapidly developing. It will become an exclusive game for a very small number of super players, and Helena must let the German aviation manufacturing industry adapt to this coming drastic change in advance.

The establishment of the German Aviation Industry Consortium allows its internal members to share technical reserves and production facilities, so it can greatly reduce repeated investment and idle resources, but this sharing of resources does not mean the disappearance of the competitive environment.Because the affiliated enterprises of the German Aviation Industry Consortium still have independent status at the legal level, although the group has the energy to dispatch research and development resources according to needs, the original aviation design departments of those affiliated enterprises have not been disbanded. The form of independent design bureaus under the Aviation Industry Complex continued.And when the country has a major project that needs to be tendered, these independent design bureaus will come up with their own design drafts for the country to choose, but if the draft submitted by a certain design bureau passes the national bidding, then it can lead other design bureaus to jointly Participating in the research and development of this project, the consortium will help it coordinate scientific research resources within the entire group.

This mechanism makes each design bureau have enough motivation to participate in the competition for national projects, because if a certain design bureau has no heavyweight projects to do for a long time, its voice in the entire group will gradually decrease, and in serious cases, it may even Due to the loss of the ability to design the whole machine, he was reduced to running errands for other design bureaus, and this situation is a situation that all pursuing designers do not want to see.Unfortunately, the current Fokker-Wolf Design Bureau is in such a crisis. This company, which brought the famous "Fokker disaster" to the Allied Air Forces in the last world war, has been rebuilt since the Luftwaffe Since then, except for selling some old-fashioned biplane primary trainers to train pilot students, they have not been involved in the slightest bit of meat. This made Dr. Kurt Tank, the chief designer of the design bureau, feel a lot of pressure. After all, the continuous The failure of the bidding made the entire design bureau almost unraveling.