Iron Sonata of World War II

Helena can swear that she has absolutely no intention of suppressing Dr. Tan Ke. On the contrary, she has always maintained considerable admiration for this famous aviation designer Helena in the original historical plane. However, in the previous weapon bidding, Helena did not The work of Dr. Tan Ke had to be mercilessly excluded from the competition because Dr. Tan Ke did not review the questions when he applied for the bid.At that time, when the Luftwaffe invited bids for single-engine light fighters, the request given was to design a fighter with a lower wing, but the answer Dr. Tan Ke gave Helena was to use the FW-159 fighter with an upper wing. It was Dr. Tan Ke at the time who confidently believed that this aerodynamic configuration was a compromise between the traditional biplane and the emerging low-wing monoplane.Facing a student like Dr. Tan Ke who can't review the questions well, Helena naturally marked Dr. Tan Ke's test paper with a striking red cross mercilessly when correcting homework.

Dr. Tan Ke, who learned from the painful experience, never dared to underestimate Helena's request in the bidding document, but the opportunity to make the Focke Wolf Design Bureau turn around is not something that can come easily. The new air force fighter jet bidding opportunity is in After a long wait, it finally landed in front of Dr. Tan Ke, but this time the German Air Force is no longer bidding for those single-engine light aircraft, but a brand-new twin-engine heavy fighter. As far as the design bureau is concerned, Dr. Tan Ke decided to play all the cards he can play in the development of the new machine. However, in this competition, Dr. Tan Ke still needs to face himself carefully. Its old enemy--it had previously defeated its own Bavarian aircraft factory in the single-engine fighter bidding.

Chapter 352 A new start

In fact, long before the Luftwaffe issued tenders to the design bureaus affiliated to the Aviation Industry Complex, the Focke-Wulf Design Bureau's heavy-duty twin-engine fighter development project was already in full swing.However, when Dr. Tan Ke, the chief designer of the design bureau, read the bidding document with a serious attitude of reading the words between the words, he resolutely gave up the first-mover advantage that was at hand under the suspicious eyes of his colleagues. The FW57 twin-engine heavy fighter that was still under development went directly to the sidelines, and then gathered the best soldiers and generals in the design bureau, announcing that it would start from the origin to re-formulate the design plan for bidding.

It seems that after the painful lesson of the previous failure in the single-engine light fighter bidding, Dr. Tan Ke has now deeply realized the importance of careful examination of questions to the success of the bidding. According to his repeated interpretation of the text of the performance requirements of the new fighter in the bidding document, Dr. Tan Ke now has full confidence to say that he has fully understood the intention of the Air Force's bidding this time, or more precisely, Helena's performance requirements for the new heavy twin-engine fighter.Although the project for this tender is a twin-engine, two-seat heavy fighter, Helena does not want this type of aircraft to be designed as a slow and cumbersome stupid big one, but hopes that this type of twin-engine fighter will be able to use the same engine. Heavy combat can have better acceleration, faster climb rate and at least equal maximum level flight speed than single-engine light combat.

In Dr. Tan Ke's view, the requirements for speed and climb in the bidding document mean that Helena may be able to accept that the agility of this double-engine heavy fighter is inferior to that of the single-engine light fighter of the same period, but her bottom line is that she must not The mobility index of this double-engine heavy combat was completely suppressed by the single-engine light combat of the same period.Although the dual-engine heavy combat has a natural disadvantage in agility, which makes it difficult for it to compete with the more flexible single-engine fighter in close combat, but if it can rely on the high power-to-weight ratio brought by the twin-engine during design, it can obtain Better acceleration performance and climbing performance than single-engine fighters of the same period, combined with a higher maximum level flight speed, at least you can choose to accelerate and escape when encountering single-engine fighters chasing and killing, so that you will not fall into the situation where you cannot fight and An embarrassing situation that cannot be escaped.

Dr. Tan Ke clearly knew that although Helena only held the false title of honorary technical consultant in the Imperial Aeronautical Technology Department, the fact is that any technical suggestions made by Helena, the Richter who served as the director of the Imperial Aeronautical Technology Department Baron Hoffen (the cousin of the famous ace pilot Red Baron) will basically accept everything without thinking, and these are well-known insiders in the German aviation design industry, so Dr. Tan Ke has every reason to believe that this time The performance requirements for the heavy-duty twin-engine fighter in the bidding document are likely to be suggestions made by Helena herself, and the most direct way to make the Focke-Wulf Design Bureau's proposal win the first place in this bidding is to Make your own plan fit Helena's requirements as much as possible.

The FW57 heavy fighter that the Focke-Wulf Design Bureau was working on before was obviously far from Helena's requirements. It was a behemoth with a wingspan of more than 25 meters and a crew of three. With two 1350-horsepower Maybach engines, the maximum level flight speed cannot exceed [-] kilometers per hour, and it may not have an advantage in air combat with the Stuka dive bomber.Dr. Tan Ke had a premonition that if the Focke-Wulf Design Bureau submitted the design draft of this thing, Helena would probably throw it into the trash can with a blank face, so he decisively chose to start a new machine to develop a new model, as long as the new plan It is enough to meet Helena's requirements. Dr. Tan Ke believes that the Focke-Wulf Design Bureau with a glorious history is fully capable of breaking arms with the Bavarian Design Bureau, which is currently in full swing, in the heavy fighter project.

In other words, although Dr. Tan Ke has repeatedly failed in the previous bidding, but this time he really guessed Helena's expectations for Germany's future twin-engine heavy fighter to a good degree.Although during the Second World War in the historical plane, the twin-engine heavy fighters did not have brilliant moments in the contest with the single-engine light fighters. For example, the German BF-110 twin-engine heavy fighters fought in Poland, France and The initial performance on the Eastern Front was excellent, and the American P-38 twin-engine heavy fighter was the model that shot down the most Japanese fighters in the army aviation sequence. The speed advantage bullies opponents who are much slower than itself, and once it encounters a single-engine light fighter that is as fast as itself or even faster, the seemingly strong and mighty double-engine heavy battle will immediately fall into a hard fight.

For example, when the German Air Force's BF-110 fighters, which were responsible for escorting bombers, encountered a high-performance light fighter like the "Spitfire" during the British air battle, it was a disaster. In front of the Spitfire, it covers its own bomber fleet, and sometimes even itself becomes an object that needs light fighters to cover.However, the American P-38 fighters, which have played well in the Asian battlefield, also showed obvious incompatibility when facing the high-performance single-engine fighters such as the BF-109 and FW-190 of the Luftwaffe in the European battlefield. Colonel Eric Brown, a pilot of the British Royal Naval Air Force who tested the model, even commented harshly: This fighter does not work at all under the pursuit of the first two (referring to BF-109 and FW-190). So we told Doolittle that the biggest use of this fighter in the Western European battlefield is photo reconnaissance rather than escort.

It is not difficult to see from this that when the technical level of the two sides is not very different, it is quite a common law that the double-shot heavy combat and the single-shot light combat in this period are at a disadvantage. The main reason why many twin-engine heavy fighters have sought transformation in the later period.These twin-engine heavy fighters are either equipped with radars to transform into night fighters that do not require high maneuverability, or serve as missions for reconnaissance aircraft or fast bombers.As for the German Air Force’s original idea of ​​the dual-engine heavy battle in the historical plane: that is, the idea of ​​​​a “destroyer” that can penetrate into the enemy’s airspace to clear the opponent’s air power, thereby opening up a safe passage for its own bombers, if we look at it from the perspective of hindsight, It seems to be possible only if the opponent's air power is very weak.

Chapter 353 Four Layouts

Helena knew that in the original historical plane, those double-engined heavy-duty fighters always found it difficult to perform due to the obvious gap in agility when compared with the same level of single-engined fighters, but this cannot be blamed on the double-engined heavy-duty fighters. The designer did not try his best or owed his IQ, so he can only complain that the double-engine battle in the propeller era will indeed encounter difficult to reconcile contradictions in the design process.Let us first briefly talk about the four aerodynamic layouts commonly used in the double-engine heavy battles during the propeller period. These four layouts are the horizontal wing pod layout, the horizontal double tail brace layout, and the horizontal double fuselage layout. And the most unique tandem push-pull layout.

First, let’s look at the most widely used horizontal wing pod layout. With this layout, the wings and empennage are directly fixed on the central fuselage, while the engines and landing gear are housed in each In the pod in the middle of the side wing.In the historical plane, Germany's BF-110 fighter jets and British "handsome fighter" fighter jets all adopt this layout.Here, Helena couldn't help but want to interrupt and say a digression. She spent two lifetimes thinking about it, but she still didn't understand such an ugly plane like "Handsome Warrior". The words "handsome" may not be on the same channel as the British fighter designer's aesthetics. Of course, Mitchell, who designed the "Spitfire", is not on the list.

The biggest advantage of the horizontal wing pod layout is that all aspects of attributes are relatively balanced, the development cycle and mass production costs are relatively easy to control, and it is also more convenient to develop various functional models in the future.As for the disadvantage of this layout, it is a common problem of all fighters with twin-engine rows: the position of the two engines is far away from the center of mass of the fighter, resulting in excessive roll inertia, which in turn leads to a very obvious disadvantage in air combat agility compared to single-engine fighters of the same period.

Then let's look at the evil-looking horizontal double tail brace layout. The central fuselage of this layout does not have the function of supporting the tail, but is only used to accommodate the cockpit and weapon system, so it is designed to be quite short and compact.The engine nacelles fixed on the left and right wings naturally extend to the rear to form a slender double tail support structure. The tip of the tail support is used to install the double vertical tails and connect them with strip-shaped flat tails. The original historical plane The P-38 fighters and P-61 night fighters in the United States adopt this configuration.

The obvious advantage of the horizontal double tail brace layout is that the body is solid and has good structural redundancy. After all, this configuration is actually a square frame composed of the main wing of the fighter, the double tail brace and the long flat tail, so that the longitudinal strength has two The side tailstays are spread evenly, and the lateral strength is also shared by the main wing and the long flat tail.However, the disadvantages of this layout are equally obvious. The double tail braces make the mass distribution of the fighter farther away from the center of mass, which brings a larger rolling inertia, and because the double tail braces bring additional wetted area, the double vertical tails and the long Striped flat tails are also unfavorable to drag reduction, so the drag coefficient of this configuration is also the largest among the four configurations

Next, let's look at the rather joyful horizontal twin-fuselage layout. In layman's terms, this configuration is to directly pick up the fuselages of the two single-engine aircraft with the same aileron, and then use their vertical tails. The strip-shaped flat tail is connected and the job is done. In the original historical plane, the German BF-109Z fighter and the American F-82 fighter belong to this configuration.

The biggest advantage of the horizontal dual-fuselage layout is that it can maximize the use of the design results of the ready-made single-engine aircraft. For example, the German ME-109Z in the original historical plane was developed on the basis of the BF-109, and the American F-82 It was developed on the basis of the P-51D.Moreover, because this layout adopts a two-body structure, the frontal area is smaller than the previous two layouts that use a three-body structure, which is very good for reducing aerodynamic resistance.The disadvantage of this layout is that the front parts of the two fuselages are occupied by the propellers. If you want to install a fire control radar in the future, you will face a lot of inconvenience. Although the problem can be solved by adding a pod, if you do this, the tandem The advantage of the dual-fuselage layout with less resistance no longer exists.

Finally, let's look at the most unique tandem push-pull layout. This layout is to install two engines centrally inside the central fuselage. The engine in front of the driver is used to drive the pull propeller at the head of the aircraft, while the driver The engine on the back is used to drive the pull propeller at the tail of the aircraft, so that the aircraft is driven forward by pulling forward and pushing backward.The most famous aircraft using this configuration in the historical plane is the DO-335 fighter developed by the German company Dornier.

In terms of purely flight performance, the tandem push-pull layout is undoubtedly the best of the four layouts: the engines are arranged in series inside the fuselage so that the mass distribution is as close as possible to the center of mass, making this layout theoretically possesses It has the rolling ability that can compete with the single engine, and the monocoque design also brings the smallest windward area, the lowest frictional resistance and interference resistance to the aircraft, and also makes the aircraft with the tandem push-pull layout excellent in high speed, For example, in the historical plane, even if the power-to-weight ratio of Germany's DO-335 is not satisfactory due to the pursuit of heavy armor and strong guns, it can still reach an astonishing speed of 763 kilometers per hour with this aerodynamic layout.However, this layout also has problems similar to the horizontal twin-fuselage layout: the head space is occupied by propellers, making it difficult to install a large radar. In addition, the technical difficulty of this layout is not low, especially the heat dissipation problem of the rear engine is not easy to solve. .

In addition to the above four common dual-engine heavy-duty battle layouts, of course there have been some double-engine heavy-duty battle designs in the original historical plane, such as two engines driving the same propeller in parallel or in series. Like two engines that are concentrated inside the fuselage, and then drive the propellers installed on the wings through the drive shafts around the corner, but most of these brain-breaking designs will always stay in the drawing On the board, even if a few have entered the prototype stage, they are far from successful service, so we will not make a more detailed introduction here.

Although Helena made general requirements for the performance of the new dual-engine heavy combat in the bidding documents for the design bureaus, she did not directly stipulate which layout must be used, so she asked what kind of layout the masters of this plane can hand over. I am also looking forward to the answer sheet. In a blink of an eye, it will be time for Helena to give the German aviation gods the time to flip the sign. Although it is not the first time for Helena to participate in the selection of air force combat aircraft, every time she encounters such a thing, she always It can make Helena's heart beat faster. After all, her decision will largely determine the direction of the world's aviation history on this plane.

Chapter 354 Practice Opportunities

"First of all, I need to sincerely congratulate your Bavarian Design Bureau for completing the first test flight of the twin-engine heavy-duty prototype, but I still need to solemnly advise your design bureau not to continue to invest resources in that project that is doomed to have no future." Helena tried her best She may have said it to Ruzel and Messerschmidt tactfully, but she obviously underestimated the lethality of her words. After listening to the two aviation designers from the Bavarian Design Bureau, the expressions on their faces suddenly changed like Sichuan opera. It was so brilliant, because they knew that the BF-110 they developed would probably fail in this double-engine heavy-duty bidding.

"We really don't mean to question Miss Sektor's judgment, but we hope that Miss Sektor can tell us where there are problems in our re-fight plan." After a long silence, Ruzel finally asked with difficulty, and Messer Schmidt also nodded seriously to Helena.Since Focke-Wulf Design Bureau decided to redo the design plan, their BF-110 has become the one with the fastest development progress among all the bidders. They even used the funds raised by the design bureau to make the machine The first prototype of the model flew into the blue sky, but now Helena is obviously not interested in their work.

"Dornier has just replaced their previously developed DO-17 twin-engine fast bomber with HL360 engines. This new power-enhanced product has received a new number D0-215 and has received a military purchase order. , I think the Bavarian Design Bureau should already know the news, right?" Helena did not directly answer the questions of the two designers, but seemingly casually brought the topic to the German Air Force's recent procurement of fast bombers from Dornier Come up: "Two engines with a maximum power of 1350 horsepower can make this bomber reach a top speed of 542 kilometers per hour, and the dual-engine heavy fighter you developed can reach a top speed of 360 kilometers per hour when using the same HL598 engine. [-] kilometers per hour."

"The speed advantage of the dual-engine heavy combat developed by you is actually quite limited when facing twin-engine fast bombers. That is to say, it is difficult for your heavy combat to prevent high-speed bombers from penetrating the defense even in the daytime. After all, there are single-engine bombers in the daytime." The fighter jets can share the interception tasks with your dual-engine heavy-duty fighters, but at night, the single-engine fighters without radar can become highly myopic. At this time, more interception tasks will inevitably fall to those capable of carrying fire control radars. On the shoulders of the dual-engine heavy combat, the question is whether your dual-engine heavy combat can stop the opponent's high-speed bomber from penetrating the defense? I even suspect that your bureau is developing this dual-engine heavy combat with additional radar and corresponding night combat weapons Finally, the top speed may not be as fast as other high-speed bombers." Helena said with an innocent face spreading her palms.

Helena did not mean to accuse Ruzel or Messerschmidt of being incompetent here. In fact, in her opinion, although the appearance of the BF-110 fighter developed by the Bavarian Design Bureau in this plane is not much different from the model of the same name in the original historical plane. , but in terms of overall performance, it has actually been greatly improved compared to the historical model of the same name.This is because the BF-110 in this plane has corrected some defects of the historical model of the same name and made full use of the achievements made by the Bavarian Design Bureau in the development of the BF-109.

For example, the direction of rotation of the propellers on both sides of BF-110 on this plane is changed from the same rotation in the original historical plane to reverse rotation, so that the torsional forces generated by the propellers on both sides can cancel each other out, which eradicates the original historical plane. The BF-110 in the middle of the plane is prone to lateral rollover when taking off and landing.Previously, the Bavarian Design Bureau had successfully used design methods on the BF-109 fighter, such as elliptical wingtips that can reduce induced drag, rear landing gear that can be fully retracted, and can improve cooling efficiency and use exhaust heat to obtain additional thrust. Exhaust gas ejection coolers, etc. also appeared on the BF-110 fighter in this plane.Therefore, the BF-1350F with a single engine power of 110 horsepower in the original historical plane can only reach a top speed of 570 kilometers per hour, which is nearly 110 kilometers per hour slower than the original plane.Therefore, in the eyes of Helena, the BF-[-] in the original plane is actually quite an excellent work. It is only because of the deviation in the design concepts of Ruzel and Messerschmidt that she has to take it with deep regret. Give up on this product.

"Dear Uncle Ruzel, Uncle Messerschmidt, I think you must have been influenced by the so-called destroyer thought trend that has recently become popular in the army when designing this fighter?" Helena continued to speak frankly. The two designers said that seeing the two who had been seen through their minds nodded in agreement, Helena couldn't help sighing and said: "In the eyes of those who support the development of so-called destroyers, the primary task of dual-engine heavy combat is to penetrate deep into the enemy's airspace. And clear the opponent's air defense force, followed by providing close escort for our own bomber formation, and finally intercepting and destroying enemy bombers and performing ground tactical strike missions. I think this ideal is beautiful, but it is a double-engined battle It is almost impossible to accomplish such a difficult task."

"Helena knows that you don't really agree with my point of view, but I am willing to test the operability of the concept of the destroyer with the two of you in practice. This is a chance for your works to prove themselves in practice. I don't know what Uncle Ruzel and Uncle Messerschmidt think?" Although Helena has her own opinions on equipment development, she will not overwhelm others unless it is absolutely necessary. It is to make the great gods believe in her wholeheartedly, which is probably the main reason why she can become the group favorite of the great gods in this plane.

"Excuse me, what kind of practice opportunity is Miss Helena talking about?" Messerschmidt hurriedly asked cautiously. Hearing that Helena was willing to give the BF-110 fighter a chance to test herself in practice, the two designers seemed to renew their opinions. cheer up.

"I am willing to persuade the Air Force to insert a temporary subject in the recent routine exercise. Your design bureau can directly use the prototype of the BF-110 to participate in this exercise. Can the fighter you develop be able to accomplish what the destroyer theory predicts? Goal, I think I should be able to draw a rough conclusion at that time." Helena replied confidently, of course her purpose was not to embarrass Ruzel and Messerschmidt by failure, but the original history The "Destroyer" theory, which has caused far-reaching harm to the Luftwaffe in the plane, is now time for an immediate revision.

Chapter 355 The Sky Platform

The result of the BF-110 prototype brought by Ruzel and Messerschmitt to participate in the air force exercise is without any suspense. When using the new BF-108A2 fighters, it is difficult to achieve the combat effects expected by the supporters of the concept of destroyers in the Air Force.And if you encounter the BF-109 series fighters that are about to enter the Air Force and are faster than you, the bulky BF-110 fighters will be slaughtered inhumanely. The members were almost tortured out of their psychological shadows.

Now even the staunchest supporters of the destroyer concept can no longer stick to their original point of view, saying that the dual-engine heavy combat is capable of penetrating into the enemy's airspace to seize air supremacy and provide personal escort for their own bombers, while Ruzel and Messer After observing the performance of the BF-110 prototype they designed, the two Schmidt designers embarked on the journey back to the Bavarian Design Bureau without saying a word.They were not in the mood to go to Helena again, but they knew that Helena's point of view was correct this time. Fighting for air supremacy on the battlefield and covering bombers were indeed not areas where double-engine heavy battles were good at.

In the eyes of many people, the so-called double-engine heavy combat may just be a large-scale version of single-engine light combat, and even think that the difference between the two is that the dual-engine heavy-duty weapon configuration is stronger than single-engine light combat, and the range of internal fuel is longer than that of single-engine. Light combat is farther, and its agility is slightly weaker than single-shot light combat.But Helena was able to realize very clearly that the focus that designers need to pay attention to when developing twin-engine combat models, including twin-engine heavy combat models, is actually fundamentally different from when developing single-engine combat models. difference.

If it is required to use the simplest language to describe this difference, it is: when developing a single-engine model, the corresponding model should be developed around specific mission needs, while when developing a twin-engine model, it can be allocated according to the specific performance of the carrier aircraft. Mission needs.

In other words, the focus of developing a single-engine model should be to design a functional weapon that can best meet specific needs, so each single-engine model basically only needs to be able to perfectly realize its intended function, although it does not rule out Occasionally, single-engine models will play roles beyond their original functions, but these additional skills are just additions to the original functions of these single-engine models, and the development of single-engine models is still oriented to achieve specific functions.

When Helena helped the Luftwaffe on the plane to formulate equipment plans, she always liked to divide the single-engine models in a very clear and detailed manner according to their functions. .It is not difficult to find that among the single-invitation models that have entered service in the German Air Force, whether it is a fighter jet that is mainly responsible for seizing the air superiority of the battlefield, a dive bomber that is mainly responsible for close air support and battlefield interception, or a battle that mainly develops deep air interception Bombers are all models with outstanding functional attributes.

Compared with the single-engine model whose functions have been solidified as early as the beginning of development, the twin-engine model with stronger carrying capacity and ample modification space has very high plasticity, just like a blank house that has not yet been finely decorated. However, those heavy weapons and large electronic equipment that are difficult for single-engine models can often be easily carried by twin-engine models.Therefore, the twin-engine models in the historical plane have basically been developed into all-rounders on the battlefield that can fight against the air and ground.However, the position of the generalist on the battlefield is actually not so easy to secure, because the pursuit of taking care of everything often means lack of focus, and lack of focus may lead to seemingly capable of doing everything, but in fact, not doing everything well.

However, it would be quite stupid to apply the specific task-oriented approach used in the development of single-engine models to the development of twin-engine models, because the overall purchase quantity of twin-engine models is far less than that of single-engine models. If the limited total purchase amount is allocated to a large number of models that cannot be used universally, the production and use costs will be greatly increased, and it will also be an obvious waste of the modification potential of the dual-engine model itself.Speaking of which, in the original historical plane, the types of twin-engine models equipped by Germany are ridiculously large. Even counting the mass-produced twin-engine bombers and heavy fighters, there are more than a dozen model series, and the output of many series is still low. There are only a thousand or even a few hundred, and just ensuring the daily maintenance of so many models can drive the ground crew crazy.

Helena believes that the best way to solve this problem is to cut the mess quickly and directly cut off the strict correspondence between specific models and specific tasks. concept, it is no longer even necessary to bind a specific model to any specific combat mission, so that not only the same model can complete multiple missions, but the same mission can also be completed by multiple models. There is complete flexibility in matching tasks.

But the problem with this is: After canceling the strict correspondence between specific tasks and specific models, who will tell the equipment system planners how many types of twin-engine aircraft should be tendered?Who will tell the designers what principles they should follow to guide the design of aircraft?And Helena's answer to this question is actually very simple, that is, to develop the twin-engine model as an air platform carrying weapons rather than the weapons themselves. Considering that it is impossible to fully consider all aspects of the performance of a single carrier platform, so It is necessary to rely on several air platforms with different performances to maximize the complementarity of advantages. For example, some models have a greater load capacity, while some models have better flight performance. It is possible to find the most suitable air platform for the task from the shelf, and as long as the platform is equipped with corresponding weapons and electronic equipment, different combat tasks can be completed.Helena privately named this approach to the development of twin-engine models "platform-oriented" to distinguish it from the task-oriented approach used in the development of single-engine models.

Chapter 356 Stress Skinning

Since Helena is ready to develop the twin-engine model as a weapon platform rather than a functional weapon, she must follow a systematic thinking when making development plans, and it is necessary to avoid two or more models with excessively similar performance. It is also necessary to avoid the situation that some demand scenarios are not covered by corresponding models.The former situation may lead to unnecessary repeated research and development and investment, while the latter situation may lead to the lack of suitable models for certain combat scenarios.

Helena believes that compared to the complex types of twin-engine models equipped by Germany in the original historical plane, if Germany in this plane can formulate a more reasonable development plan according to the platform orientation, it will be better to reduce the number of main twin-engine models to four in the future. No problem.However, I am afraid that there will be no place for the BF-110 heavy fighter developed by the Bavarian Design Bureau in the simplified model.

Although the combat performance of the BF-110 in the original historical plane is quite remarkable, it is not irreplaceable as a weapon platform itself. After the failure and bankruptcy, the BF-110, which was forced to transform into a ground attack aircraft or night fighter, began to fight against the limited ecological niche of the JU-188 series or DO-217 series twin-engine fast bombers in the Luftwaffe. With the fierce competition of homogenization, Helena certainly does not want to see this phenomenon of wasting national war resources repeated in the real plane.

After several rounds of discussions and repeated weighings, Helena and the high-level military still chose the dual-engine re-combat plan provided by the Focke-Wolf Design Bureau as the final winner of the bidding. When Dr. Ke just got the news, he almost fainted from the joy that fell from the sky, and the morale of the entire design bureau was instantly ignited. Focke Wolfe, the once glorious veteran aviation giant, now seems to have blown away. The horn of revival sounded.This brand-new twin-engine heavy fighter has been given the new number of FW-187. Next, the Focke-Wulf Design Bureau will continue to refine the design of the aircraft with the support of the German Aviation Industry Association, and plans to build several prototypes The machine was used for test flights.

Helena is not unfamiliar with the FW-187 heavy fighter plan developed by Focke Wolf, because the Focke Wolf Company in the original historical plane had also developed a model with the same name. The shadow of the original historical plane can also be clearly seen in the design scheme, and this also allows her to have a basic idea of ​​the performance characteristics of this model.Although the FW-187 in the original historical plane cannot be compared with the BF-187 in terms of production quantity, and even after the development of six prototypes, only three poor pre-production models were put into service, but Helena believes that the output The rarity does not hinder the great success of the FW-110 fighter at the technical level.Because if you only look at the flight performance indicators of this thing, Helena can only use the word "abnormal" to describe the aircraft.

As a twin-engine heavy fighter with the most common horizontal wing pod design in terms of layout, the pre-production FW-187A of this aircraft in the original historical plane has a maximum speed of 5000 kilometers per hour at an altitude of 541 meters. It may not seem surprising, but if you tell you that the speed is obtained with two Jumo-700G engines with a maximum power of only 210 horsepower, and even two such weak engines can allow the aircraft to reach a take-off weight of 4900 kg. With a maximum climbing speed of 12 meters per second, will you be so shocked that you can hardly believe your eyes like Helena who just saw this set of data?However, these data are all true facts.

事实上原历史位面中的1939年，FW-187的第六架原型机曾经使用最大功率增加到1050马力的DB-600A型发动机进行过飞行试验，而且在4000米的高度上录得了每小时635公里的速度记录，该数据足以使同时期所有单引擎战机望尘莫及。其实后来谭克博士还曾计划给FW-187换装最大功率高达1475马力的BD-605A发动机，并且预计能将该机的极速提高到682公里每小时的水准，但是最终因为预期的量产工作终止而未能成行。

Of course, the FW-187 fighter plane in the original historical plane also paid a corresponding price for such a ghostly flight performance, especially in order to reduce the wind resistance and infiltration area as much as possible. The width of the engine pod is even narrower, so that the slightly taller pilot sits in the cockpit like being stuffed into a sardine can.Although Helena is not disgusted with the compact design of the fuselage, she still believes that everything needs to follow the principle of moderation. If the fuselage design is too compact, it will not only increase pilot fatigue during long-distance flights, but also cause future upgrades. Negative impact. After all, since FW-187 is a twin-engine heavy fighter, it must be considered to reserve radar electronic equipment for the future.

In order to prevent Dr. Tan Ke from going too far on the road of compacting the body again, Helena specifically told Dr. Tan Ke to remember to leave more space for future modifications, but Dr. Tan Ke was mysterious Xi told Helena that Dr. Heinkel, who assisted in the project, had found a way to reduce the windward area without making the fuselage extremely narrow.After Helena inquired curiously, she found out that Dr. Heinkel's method was not to narrow the fuselage but to use his brain on narrowing the engine pod.

Usually the engine in the pod needs to be installed on the engine bracket welded with steel pipes, and the pod wrapped outside plays the role of air rectification.That is to say, the stress of the engine is actually transmitted to the body through a special bracket, and the function of the pod is mainly to provide a streamlined cover for the engine to reduce resistance.

However, Dr. Henkel has now invented a new engine installation method called stress skin, which simply cancels the special engine bracket structure and directly connects the engine to the reinforced pod structure. The ribs on the inner sides are responsible for transferring most of the loads to the main structure of the aircraft, while the pod skin is used to absorb the remaining shear force.In the original historical plane, Dr. Heinkel adopted this design for the first time on the HE-1938 fighter jet that flew for the first time in 100. Unexpectedly, this genius design in this plane was cheaper than Dr. Tan Ke first. Na integrates the blessings brought by the German aviation industry.

After adopting this new installation method, there is no need to reserve special space for the brackets on both sides of the engine in the pod, so the width of the pod can be greatly narrowed, so that the windward area of ​​the entire pod can naturally be greatly reduced , the aerodynamic drag reduction effect achieved by it is actually the same as the previous narrowing of the fuselage width, and the integrated design of the pod cabin and the engine load-bearing structure can also save part of the structural weight.In addition, the load-bearing part of the pod is concentrated on both sides of the engine, while the upper and lower skins are designed to be detachable, which can also provide some convenience for the daily maintenance of the engine.

The only disadvantage of this stress-skinned cocoon cabin design is that if it is necessary to replace the engine with a large size difference in the future, the entire cocoon cabin structure must be redesigned. Said it was not fatal, because she had no plan to use engines other than the HL-187 series for this aircraft.

Chapter 357 Geometric Twist

The practice of using the reinforced pod ribs and skin structure directly as the engine mounting bracket has significantly reduced the maximum cross-sectional area of ​​the engine pod of the FW-187 fighter plane on this plane, and the drag reduction effect obtained is basically Offset the adverse effects of a thicker fuselage, so that the machine has a more abundant fuselage volume while maintaining excellent low-resistance characteristics.

However, the design team headed by Dr. Tan Ke obviously still has greater ambitions. In fact, the heavy battle design they came up with this time is quite excellent even in the eyes of Helena, who has a very high vision, so this time she is very rare. Dr. Tan Ke was flattered by the fact that he didn't pick and choose the scheme. After all, Helena was famously difficult to serve in the aviation industry before. Appreciate it very much.

First of all, Dr. Tan Ke consciously improved the lift-to-drag ratio of the whole machine by optimizing the cross-sectional shape of the fuselage in this plan.Perhaps many people think that the lifting force of lifting the aircraft soaring is all generated by the pair of wings, but this common view does not cover all the facts. The real situation is that the fuselage, which is often overlooked by people, can also Contributes some lift during flight, even if the designers didn't consider this at all when designing.After all, from a pure theory point of view, even if it is a brick that does not consider aerodynamics at all, as long as you are willing to give it a suitable angle of attack and sufficient speed, it can also obtain a corresponding lift. In this way, Helena was popular among military fans before crossing Although the saying "as long as the thrust is strong enough, bricks can fly around the sky" is just a joke after dinner, it is not completely without scientific basis.

However, the shape of the brick is far from the requirements of aerodynamics, so I am afraid that no serious aeronautical designer will really make the fuselage into a shape similar to the brick, because they need to improve the airframe as much as possible. The lift-to-drag ratio within the design speed range.It is easy for us to imagine that the effective measures to increase the lift-to-drag ratio are nothing more than two ways of reducing drag and increasing lift. However, when designing the fuselage, previous aviation designers mainly considered reducing drag. The problem of achieving aerodynamic lift is seldom given enough attention. In this case, Dr. Tan Ke, who can consciously pay attention to the problem of increasing the fuselage, is quite commendable in Helena's eyes.

The plan submitted by Dr. Tan Ke is the same as the model of the same name in the original historical plane. Not only is the belly of the fuselage of the FW-187 Heavy War designed relatively flat, but also the belly of the fuselage and the lower surface of the lower wing are intentionally fused to form a Continuous plane, as for the back of the aircraft, it is designed as a slightly raised parabola. The fuselage section structure with a relatively flat lower part and a slightly raised upper part is somewhat similar to the shape of the wing, so it can also be used during flight. Obtain part of the lift like the wings, thus improving the lift-to-drag ratio of the whole machine.Of course, the effect of Dr. Tan Ke's design can't be compared with the wing-body fusion structure that appeared on the advanced fighters of later generations, but it must be admitted that the idea itself is indeed quite advanced, and the effect is quite good from the perspective of the times. Yes, according to the results of the wind tunnel experiment, the ratio of the lift that this kind of fuselage can provide to the fighter aircraft to the total lift is much higher than that of the straight fuselage.

If improving the lift-to-drag ratio of the whole aircraft by optimizing the fuselage section is still the design method used by Dr. Tan Ke on the FW-187 fighter in the original historical plane, then the geometric torsion technology used on the outer wing is the standard. The most obvious difference is the aerodynamic design between the FW-187 fighter plane on the plane and the original historical plane.Dr. Tan Ke paid great attention to the structural strength of the wing at the beginning of the design of the FW-187 heavy-duty fighter. The entire wing was divided into two sections, the inner section of the wing and the outer section of the wing. The wing of the FW-187 fighter has a relatively high torsional stiffness, but the real highlight of the wing of the FW-187 fighter on this plane is not the strong spar structure, but its outer wing has Rather special shape.

To be more specific, the chords of the sections of the outer wing of the FW-187 fighter plane on the home plane are not in the same plane as conventionally designed wings, but the section at the tip of the wing is aligned with the section at the root of the wing. The bottom is twisted at a certain angle, that is to say, the angle of attack of each section of the inner section of the wing is the same, but starting from the connection of the inner and outer sections of the wing, the angle of attack of each section of the wing gradually decreases from the inside to the outside of.In this way, when the FW-187 fighter plane on this plane is in a level flight state, the angle of attack at the wing tip is even negative.

Although this kind of geometrically twisted wing design makes the average angle of attack of the outer wing smaller and loses a little lift, it also has two very big benefits: first, it reduces the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the wing tip, As a result, the strength of the wingtip vortex is weakened, and the induced drag of the wing is greatly reduced. This effect is similar to that of the "fire-breathing" elliptical wing.Secondly, the negative torsion can effectively prevent the problem that when the fighter plane is maneuvering at a high angle of attack, the angle of attack of the wingtip increases under the action of the torsion force and enters the stall state first. The FW-187 in this plane is faster and has a higher available angle of attack.However, it must be noted that the wing geometric twist is not original to Dr. Tan Ke, because Junkers has already adopted this design on the JU-86 series aircraft before.

Although the FW-187 fighter in this plane is slightly larger than the model of the same name in the original historical plane: for example, the wing area has increased from 30.2 square meters to 33.6 square meters, the wingspan has increased from 15.48 meters to 15.8 meters, and the fuselage length has also increased from 11.2 meters increased to 11.75 meters.However, the better aerodynamic layout, combined with the ejection cooler that can improve the cooling efficiency and use the waste heat of the exhaust gas to obtain additional thrust, plus the receding slotted flaps that can use the jet flow of the cooler to obtain an increase in lift effect, still allows the planes in this plane to The flight performance of the FW-187 dual-engine heavy-duty combat comprehensively surpasses the already excellent historical model of the same name, and it also has a larger modification space than the original historical plane.

According to Dr. Tan Ke's calculations, when using two HL-1350 engines with a power of 360 horsepower, the FW-187 that meets the combat standard should be able to achieve a top speed of at least 6000 kilometers per hour at an altitude of 685 meters. Helena said this data Very satisfied, but this data is still in a state of being unverifiable for the time being, because the first prototype of this type of fighter will not be offline until the end of this year, and the first test flight may need to be delayed until early next year.

Chapter 358 The Origin of History

If before 1936, the influence of Helena, a traveler, on the historical process of this plane was mainly concentrated in Germany, and the influence on the international political situation was basically an undercurrent hidden in the depths of the calm sea, then the time has entered after 1936. The direction of the international political situation also began to part ways with the original historical plane.For example, after Italy's war against Ethiopia changed from a victory in the original historical plane to a humiliating defeat in the original plane, the Spanish Civil War that was supposed to break out in mid-July also failed to happen on time, but Helena was not surprised by this variable.

The reason for this is of course not that the rebel leaders Jose Sanjujo and Francisco Franco in the original historical plane were all sleeping at home, but because of the conservatives who were plotting to launch a military rebellion. For the military officer group, the international situation in this plane is far less favorable than in the original historical plane.You must know that Jose Sanjujo, the leader of the rebel army in the original historical plane, went to Berlin secretly as early as March this year, and received a promise to support the rebellion during the meeting with Hitler. At the same time, Italy, Portugal, etc. China also expressed its willingness to support his rebellion plan.

However, in this plane, until May of this year, Germany was busy supporting Ethiopia and Italy to fight, and had no time to pay attention to the affairs of Spain. As a result, Sanjuho was directly rejected by Germany.Although Portugal and Italy still expressed their willingness to support Sanjujo's rebellion as they did in the original historical plane, the material support that the weak Portugal can provide Sanjujo is limited after all, and Italy has just been captured by financial capital in the international currency market. After shearing the wool, it has not had time to recover from the crisis. As a result, the aid that Mussolini promised to Sanjujo was postponed.The weakening of external support directly affects Sanjuho's confidence in launching a rebellion, and this is the most direct reason why Sanjuho on his own plane postponed the rebellion.

What's interesting is that the postponement of the rebellion indirectly saved Sanjujo's life, because in the original historical plane, after being embraced by the rebels as the leader, Sanjuho boarded the special plane back to Spain from Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, with great ambition. And he boarded the plane with dozens of boxes of heavy clothes and luggage, which caused the plane to be seriously overloaded. The crew tried their best to advise Sanjuho to bring less clothes and luggage to ensure aviation safety, but this high-spirited The rebel general replied arrogantly: "As the future national leader of Spain, I must have decent clothes."

However, the speed of reality is always as fast as a tornado. Sanjujo's special plane crashed in Portugal due to overload and out of control not long after takeoff.As a result, Sanjujo's personal disciple, Francisco Franco, the number two figure in the rebel army, logically succeeded Sanjujo as the new commander-in-chief of the rebel army, and then Franco, with the support of Germany, Italy, Portugal and other countries Successfully defeated the Republican Army and established a military dictatorship over Spain for 36 years until his death in 1975.Then Juan Carlos, the successor appointed by Franco during his lifetime, the descendant of the Bourbon dynasty, became the king, and the Spanish political system evolved into a constitutional monarchy known to later generations. Of course, these things belonged to the original historical plane. A later story, but Spain in this plane is still standing at the origin of history.

Although no civil war broke out in Spain in this plane, Helena did not believe that this war could be avoided in the future.Spain has an extremely glorious past in the age of sailing, but since the outbreak of the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom, this old empire on the edge of the European continent has fallen behind the times more and more.Although Spain forced King Alfonso XIII into exile through a revolution in 1931 and later established the Second Spanish Republic, the internal contradictions in Spain did not disappear due to the establishment of the parliamentary system, but instead changed from the relatively latent state of the original empire period to increasingly superficial.

The most concrete manifestation is that in the five years after the establishment of the Republic, the regime of the Republic alternated back and forth between the left wing and the right wing, and each rotation often meant a complete negation of the previous governance program and a counterattack against the opposing camp. Spain The political ecology of the country was completely torn apart in this swing-like alternation of cold and heat. However, at this time, no one can bridge the gap. As a result, the political demands put forward by both sides are all developing toward more radical aspects like an arms race , Soon there will be no room for political compromise between the left and right wings. Under such circumstances, the newly established parliamentary system can only be said to exist in name only, which paves the way for future armed conflicts between the two parties.

Chapter 359 A Fatal Mistake

Helena knows that the current fragile political environment in Spain actually stems from its relatively backward economic foundation. Although Spain had established the earliest global colonial system in its glorious period, we can even say that it was the Spanish Empire that established itself on a global scale. The colonial expansion provided the initial template for the establishment of colonial empires for the new hegemons such as the Netherlands and the United Kingdom that rose one after another.But the glory of those empires is long gone for Spain today. Most of the Spanish colonies that once covered the world were either established independently or were carved up by later colonial countries. At present, Spain is only in the western coastal area of ​​​​Africa. Several remnant colonies of very limited economic value remain.

Echoing the collapse of the colonial system is the relatively slow economic development of Spain in the previous 200 years. Although Spain’s national industry also made some progress during the first two scientific and technological revolutions, the gap between Spain and advanced countries such as Britain, France and the United States is horizontal. is constantly pulling away.This lag in economic development has led to the fact that in the current Spanish economic system, you can easily find various economic elements covering industrial and mining enterprises in the 20th century, workshops in the 17th century, and even feudal manors in the 14th century. This economic factor can occupy an overwhelming position in the Spanish economic structure.

As a result, the internal contradictions in Spain are far from being as pure as those in capitalist countries that have completed industrialization. Instead, they are characterized by the intertwining of contradictions between the emerging class and the conservative class, and between the oppressing class and the oppressed class.In this complex social contradiction, each class undoubtedly has its own political demands, and they all elect political forces that can speak for themselves according to their own political demands, which forms the current party politics with Spanish characteristics.

But like we mentioned earlier: the economic factors from the 14th to the 20th centuries were present in the Spanish economic structure simultaneously and no one economic factor was overwhelming.This kind of economic foundation is reflected in the superstructure: even the left-wing or right-wing camps are highly divided. status, even achieving a relatively dominant position is not enough.

A brief summary of the previous analysis of the political situation in Spain is two facts: the first fact is that the left-wing camp and the right-wing camp are basically in a state of equal power but the contradictions are difficult to reconcile, and the second fact is that neither the left-wing camp nor the right-wing camp Which political party can have absolute dominance over this camp.And based on these two facts, Helena can make two judgments: first, the Spanish civil war is inevitable in the future, if the contradictions can be reconciled or if a certain party is too powerful, a civil war will not break out; second, the power balance between the left and right camps in Spain It will mainly depend on the ability to integrate the power of the camp. Whoever can complete the integration of the power of the camp first will gain an advantage in the future civil war.

"According to the current political situation in Spain, if the old military officer group launched a well-planned armed rebellion, I think the current republican government will be unable to parry it. Unfortunately, it is only a matter of time before this rebellion breaks out. The Spanish Republic The faction government may not be ignorant of this, but the only job they can do now is to delay the outbreak of the rebellion as much as possible." When Hitler asked Helena her opinion on the situation in Spain, Helena said frankly: "In Without the support of external forces on both sides, I really can't find a reason why the current Republican faction can win. In fact, there are very serious problems in their ability to integrate the internal forces of their own camp, and this will change on the battlefield. fatal flaw."

In the original historical plane, the Spanish Republican government ultimately failed in the civil war. Many people tend to find the reason from the external environment. When sending the government, it seemed not so authentic, and even did things like defrauding the Republican government of the gold deposited in the Union (the Spanish Republican government once deposited 460.52 tons of gold in the treasury in the Union, and the Union sent the Republic The value of the arms delivered by the Army was not even a fraction of the value of this batch of gold, but when the Republican Army asked to continue buying weapons, the Soviet Union government lied that the deposited gold was used up).In addition, the so-called "non-intervention" policy of Britain, France, the United States and other countries actually cut off the possibility of the republican government obtaining weapons from other countries, while the Franco rebels who received arms aid from Germany and Italy did not worry about the problem of arms supply.

It should be said that the disadvantages of the Republican government forces in the external environment exist objectively, but Helena still believes that the main reason for the failure of the Republicans in the civil war is internal rather than external, although Franco's rebels received foreign aid. The channel is smoother than the republican government army, and considering that the 12 troops that Franco mastered at the beginning of the war were mainly from the original Spanish army and air force, the average combat quality of its soldiers is also higher than that of the temporary conscripted republican army .

But we can't ignore the advantages of the Republican Army in the early stage of the war. For example, the Republican government controls most of the country's industrial areas, major agricultural production areas, important transportation hubs, and all gold and foreign exchange reserves. Most of the original navy also fell to the They not only helped donate money and materials, but also carried out public opinion propaganda, and many people even organized an international column to go to Spain to help the Republican Army and François in person. Fighting against the Colombian rebels, and this includes Hemingway, Bethune, Picasso, Orwell and other familiar names.

In short, at least at the beginning of the civil war, even if the cards in the Republican Army's hands could not be said to crush the Franco rebels, they definitely did not reach the point where there were no cards available.It is absolutely unreasonable for the Spanish Republican government in the original historical plane to be overthrown by the rebels in more than two years while holding such a card. This must be because the Republican government made a fatal mistake, and Helena believes This fatal mistake is precisely because the republican government has not yet completed the power integration of the left-wing camp, and even though the right-wing camp was originally full of factions, Franco on the opposite side has already completed the power integration of the right-wing camp.

3 Chapter Sixty

We mentioned earlier that Spain’s economic development lagged behind the industrial revolution for a long time, and no economic factor can even occupy a dominant position in the country’s economic structure. Among them, capitalist industry and commerce in the modern sense except in Catalonia Parts of the eastern and northern coastal regions, including the Basque Country and the Basque Country, have been relatively fully developed, but the vast majority of Spain is still underdeveloped.The relatively slow development of capitalist industry and commerce has led to the relative weakness of the accompanying working class, and the proletarian party is already in a weak position in the grand chess game of the entire Spanish class game.

Therefore, in the 1936 parliamentary election, the Spanish proletarian party temporarily cooperated with some bourgeois liberals and urban petty bourgeoisie to form a left-wing political alliance aimed at opposing right-wing conservative forces, although this left-wing political alliance has basically assembled At this time, the top left-wing political force in all rows in Spain, but in the elections that year, the alliance barely won the majority of parliamentary seats with a very slight advantage of 15 votes.It can be seen that even if the Spanish left-wing forces can still maintain superficial unity at this time, the ruling status of the Republicans in Spain is still extremely fragile.

If the right-wing forces in Spain did not choose to launch a rebellion under the leadership of Sanjujo and Franco at this time, the left-wing parties in Spain may still be able to barely maintain that position in order to maintain their majority in parliament. Quite a twisted political alliance.However, when the right-wing forces who lost the election chose to directly kick the flop table and draw their guns, the political coalition that the left-wing forces barely put together to win the parliamentary election did not even think about uniting to face a severe external crisis. Instead, it instantly disintegrated into fragments all over the floor like a glass vessel that had been hit hard.

When the Spanish Civil War first broke out, the left-wing political alliance, which was the jurisprudential ruling party, had a very important advantage over Franco, who was the initiator of the rebellion, in that he controlled far more human and economic resources than his opponents, including most of the industrial and commercial cities. and major grain-producing areas, most of the deep-water ports and road and railway lines, and of course the central bank that holds the vital minting power and basically complete local administrative institutions.In other words, although Franco has more than [-] well-trained troops, the left-wing Republican Army theoretically has the ability to uniformly deploy most of the country's economic and human resources. As long as it can block Franco's early offensive, it can rely on Stronger blood recovery ability gradually regains the initiative on the battlefield.

However, the real development process of history after the outbreak of Franco’s rebellion is simply magical: the original left-wing coalition government in Madrid quickly degenerated into an empty shell with only titles like Zhou Tianzi in the Spring and Autumn Period, and several major forces in the republican faction include: The Spanish Communist Party, the POUM Party, the Socialist Workers Party, and the Anarchists each recruited troops to occupy their territory.As a result, the originally complete republican-controlled area quickly became a place for armed separatists from various left-wing factions, while the nominal republican government in Madrid lost both the right to manage the grassroots and the entire left-wing armed forces. Unity of command of forces.Helena guessed that Franco, who was opposite at the time, would wake up from his dream with a smile when he saw this situation, because no matter how large the territory controlled by the Republicans was at the beginning, there was no centralized management of economic and human resources, and even the newly recruited armed forces were not enough. Without a unified command, it is absolutely impossible to defeat the more than [-] well-trained regular troops under Franco's command militarily.

However, the Republicans dismantled their camp from a unified coalition government into scattered local separatist forces, which was only the first assist they sent to Franco on the opposite side, because these left-wing political factions that initially took control of the territory and the army , and soon pointed the spearhead of the struggle at his former teammates, and the means of struggle continued to become more brutal: at the beginning, each faction just criticized other factions in their own newspapers, and later developed to Street wars came to snatch territory, and large-scale executions were used to cleanse dissidents. Since this kind of mass executions with a revolutionary and terrorist color often occurred at night, Spain even had a proper term such as "night executions" to describe it. Purges of various factions of the left.

During the Spanish Civil War in the original historical plane, the armed conflicts among left-wing factions and the political purges of other left-wing factions basically ran through the whole war, especially the Spanish faction represented by the Spanish Communist Party and the POUM Party. The mutual killing among the three represented Trotskyites and Anarchist-syndicalists greatly depleted the already insufficient strength of the Republican Army.And when the Crisis Federation intervened in the Spanish Civil War, it directly led to the spread of the political struggle originally confined to the Crisis Federation to the Spanish Republican Army, which made the contradictions between the various left-wing camps in Spain more acute.For example, the famous writer George Orwell was nearly suppressed by the Spanish Communist Party because he joined the POUM militia.

On the other hand, although there are open and secret struggles around power within the right wing, these internal struggles have never really hurt the fundamentals of the right camp.In this way, the Republican Army offered Franco a second wave of assists through its own internal friction. This scene almost reminded Helena of the ballad that reflected the Tianjing Incident in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the late Qing Dynasty: "The Heavenly Father killed the Heavenly Brother, and the country can't get through , pack up the parcels and go home, and continue to do long-term jobs.” All the left-wing factions in Spain persisted in the purge of counter-revolutionaries until the last moment of the demise of the Republic, but unfortunately most of the counter-revolutionaries who came and went to suppress counter-revolutionaries were their own people, and Franco The real counter-revolutionaries got a huge advantage from the anti-revolutionary movement of various left-wing factions. This cannot but be said to be a huge irony.