My system is not decent

In the late Shang Dynasty, the etiquette system was gradually destroyed, and incidents of exceeding etiquette often occurred.

In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the rites of the vassal states gradually became chaotic, and each country had its own characteristics of the rites and burial customs, and gradually separated from the Central Plains.

In the Shang Dynasty, martyrdom began to be popular, and the nobles were more martyred, and the higher the rank of the nobles, the more martyrs were killed.

Ru Fuhao's tomb even reached a peak.

In the Shang Dynasty, many kilns and bronze smelters found people buried inside, which can be understood as sacrifices for foundation-laying sacrifices.

By the time of the Zhou Dynasty, the number of martyrs was decreasing, which should be the progress of civilization.

Aristocrats were often buried with chariot and horse pits, but ordinary civilians did not. The nobles also buried musical instruments, but neither did commoners.

In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the rites of the vassal states gradually became chaotic, and each country had its own characteristics of the rites and burial customs, and gradually separated from the Central Plains.

The reason why Chen Wenzhe wanted to find the tombs before the Shang Dynasty was not a random guess.

Primarily prehistoric period burials, such as the clan period, are communal cemeteries used.

In the Shang and Zhou dynasties, it developed into a "clan tomb", consisting of the cemetery of royal family members and the state tomb of Wanmin.

Obviously, the "clan tomb" of the Shang and Zhou dynasties appeared in the photo.

Therefore, he paid special attention to other small state tombs.

Chen Wenzhe just wanted to see if there would be some Xia Dynasty in it, or the previous public cemetery.

It is actually not difficult to tell when these tombs are from.

For example, Anyang Wuguan Village in Nanhe, the Yin Dynasty royal tomb area to Xibeigang, and the Zhou Dynasty Jinhou cemetery in Quwo, Xishan Mountain are typical representatives of cemeteries.

In the state tombs in various places, there are both civilian and official ones.

Different class affiliations and hierarchical relationships are its essence and core.

Different classes have different styles of tomb pits, specifications and quantities of burials, and even utensils are different.

Based on these differences, it is possible to accurately determine the period and even the level of the owner of a tomb.

For example, the royal tombs of the Shang Dynasty have huge tombs.

In doing so, the short tomb passage, which was originally just for the convenience of earth transportation and burial, has become a symbol of hierarchical status.

There is a Chinese-shaped tomb with four tomb passages, and an A-shaped tomb with one tomb passage.

The wooden coffin chambers in the Shang King's tomb are square with thick wood, while the other coffin chambers are rectangular.

Waist pits were generally installed in the tombs of nobles, in which at least one dog was sacrificed, and some even humans were sacrificed. This phenomenon was still used until the Western Zhou Dynasty.

It is also a new system in the Shang Dynasty to build the coffin chamber for tomb sacrifices in the tomb merchants. The number of funerary objects in the noble tombs is very amazing.

Judging from the current research, the Shang Dynasty used the number of bronze goblets and nobles in the wine vessel to indicate the status of the tomb owner.

The tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period are more sound on the basis of the Shang Dynasty.

In the Shang Dynasty, the system of using wine vessels as bronze ritual vessels evolved into a new ritual system of matching bronze tripods and gui vessels at this time.

There have been changes in the system of using musical instruments and the system of chariots and horses.

With these new systems, the identity and rank of the deceased can be determined based on actual findings.

Entering the Spring and Autumn Period, the slave system gradually faltered and power moved downward.

The hierarchy system in the Western Zhou Dynasty was constantly under attack, and the phenomenon of Yueli abounded.

With the establishment of the feudal system, great changes took place in the tombs of the Warring States Period.

First, the system of not being able to seal the soil and not plant trees in the tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty was challenged.

In the late Spring and Autumn Period, large tombs of Fengtu began to be seen.

In the Warring States Period, emperor cemeteries appeared, such as the Qin Palace Cemetery.

Although some aristocratic tombs still use tomb passages, the tombs of Marquis Cai during the Spring and Autumn Period no longer use tomb passages, declaring that the tomb passage system since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties has terminated.

The tombs of the emperors of the Shang Dynasty can be represented by the Yinxu Tomb. The plane of the tombs is rectangular, and a two-story platform was excavated in the middle. There is a waist pit in the tomb, and a dog is buried inside.

There are four tomb passages in the large tomb, followed by two tomb passages or one tomb passage, and there are also those who do not build tomb passages (such as the tomb of Fu Hao, the concubine of Emperor Wu Ding).

The sacrificial servants were placed on a stage or in the tomb passage, and there were other sacrificial animals, chariot pits, and a large number of slave pits outside the tomb.

There are no graves on the tombs, but some tombs (such as Fuhao's tomb) have built small sacrificial buildings on them.

The shape and structure of the tombs of the emperors in the Zhou Dynasty is basically the same as above, but the princes also used the four tombs.

Probably since the Spring and Autumn Period, the tomb has gradually been piled up with soil.

Built in the late Warring States period in Beihe, Pingshan County, the tomb of the king of Zhongshan, the tombs of the king, queen and concubine are juxtaposed, with a tall rammed earth platform on top, and a sacrificial building on the platform.

A copper plate named "Zhaoyutu" was unearthed from the tomb, on which the names and sizes of the mausoleum walls, mounds, sacrificial chambers and auxiliary buildings were engraved.

This is the earliest architectural design found in my country.

The cemetery of the nobles of the Qin State in Fengxiang, Western Shaanxi, was built in the Warring States Period, but the tombs have not yet been erected, but ditches have been dug around the periphery.

The Zhou Dynasty tombs that have been discovered are all in the form of earthen wooden coffins, and the tomb chambers are piled up with well-dried logs.

In terms of burial system, the hierarchy was particularly prominent in the Zhou Dynasty.

In addition to the above-mentioned tomb passage, there are also regulations on the inner and outer coffins of the tomb, that is, "the inner and outer coffins of the emperor have seven layers, princes have five layers, doctors have three layers, and scholars have another layer."

The burial vessels are nine tripods for emperors and monarchs, seven tripods for ministers, five tripods for officials, and three tripods or one tripod for scholars.

The actual excavation data show that this regulation is not completely followed, and some have been increased or decreased.

One possibility is that the deceased received special courtesy, and the other possibility is the overstepping in the situation of "the ceremony collapses and music goes bad".

As for the ordinary people, they belonged to the bottom. Some dug a hole and buried them, and some didn't even have a tomb. Their bones were often found in ash pits or layers of ash.

There are many ways to tell the age of an ancient tomb, or the identity of its owner.

In addition to the above, there is also the location of the items. If the ancient tomb is well preserved, some accurate information can also be obtained.

For example, the location of burial objects in Western Zhou tombs had certain regulations.

The accessories on the body are on the body, and the big things are usually on the second floor!
That is, above the tomb, on the earth platform about fifty or sixty centimeters above the head!

In the tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty, people were often buried with human sacrifices, ranging from one person to as many as seven.

Most of the burials are placed on the second-floor platform, and some have funeral utensils.

In the Han Dynasty, compared with the Warring States Period, the number of burial objects in Han tombs decreased, and the proportion of lacquerware increased further.

In order to store large amounts of food and drink, there are often many large pottery in the tomb.

In the early and middle Western Han Dynasty, they were mainly buried with practical utensils during their lifetime.

After the mid-Western Han Dynasty, various pottery Ming vessels specially made for burial were added.

Including models of warehouses, stoves, wells, mills, and pavilions, and idols such as pigs, dogs, and chickens.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were more types and quantities of artifacts.

This is a great change in ancient Chinese tombs in terms of burial objects.

In the tombs of nobles in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, chariots and horses were still buried.

But the chariots and horses were buried in the tomb and the tomb passage, instead of setting up a pit for chariots and horses near the tomb.

After the late Western Han Dynasty, real chariots and horses were no longer used for burial, but wooden or pottery models of chariots and horses were used instead.