My system is not decent

Chapter 1850 Five-color flowers, red and green colors

There have been different opinions on the origin of colorful porcelain, and there is no one conclusion.

Five colors are yellow, blue, white, red and black, and generally refer to various colors.

Five-color porcelain was invented and developed in Ming and Qing dynasties, and it was also the heyday of the high development and prosperity of my country's colored porcelain.

What is multicolored porcelain, according to "Tao Ya" said: "Kangxi hard color, Yongzheng soft color."

According to the explanation in "Yin Liu Zhai Shuo Porcelain": "The color of the hard color is very thick, and the glaze is placed on it, and it is slightly raised. The soft color is also called pastel, and the color is slightly lighter, and it is evenly powdered."

The real five-color porcelain of the Kangxi period is quite precious, magnificent and colorful, and has a wide variety.

The term "five colors" appeared in the late Ming Dynasty.

According to Gu Yingtai's "Museum Yaolan" during the Tianqi period of the Ming Dynasty: "Xuan Kiln is colorful and stacked deeply."

Multicolored porcelain from the Chenghua period is very rare and precious, and handed down products are also extremely rare.

In the Hongzhi period of the Ming Dynasty, the firing of five colors on glaze became more mature.

In the Jiajing and Wanli periods, both quality and quantity created a new situation for multicolored porcelain, and larger jars and bottles appeared.

At this time, the firing of five colors has reached a very complete state.

In the Qing Dynasty, softness was the most important feature of multicolored porcelain, with a strong sense of perspective. The paintings were exquisite and vivid, and the Jiajing and Wanli paintings of the Ming Dynasty, which emphasized color and did not pay attention to the appearance, were swept away.

Among them, Kangxi colorful porcelain was developed on the basis of Jiajing, Wanli colorful porcelain and Shunzhi colorful porcelain in Ming Dynasty.

Its production technology is superb, the color is bright and clear, the color decoration is gorgeous, the painting lines are strong and powerful, and it has a very high artistic level.

After Qianlong, porcelain manufacturing has begun to decline.

Due to changes in social conditions after Qianlong, the decline of the country became more and more bleak, and the golden age of my country's ceramic industry came to an end with the decline of feudal society.

However, the glorious history of porcelain has left a precious legacy to future generations and established an excellent model that can be used for reference and inheritance.

The development of porcelain has experienced a nearly 2000-year process from primitive porcelain to mature celadon, from celadon to white porcelain in the Northern Dynasties, and then from white porcelain to colored porcelain.

Among them, the transformation from celadon to white porcelain was completed during the Tang and Song dynasties;

The transformation from white porcelain to colored porcelain was realized in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Of course, this cognition has been slowly overturned with the archaeological discoveries in recent years.

In particular, the view that Wucai was a new type of Jingzhen kiln in the Ming and Qing Dynasties has begun to be untenable.

However, it is true that the five colors were developed on the basis of adding colors to glazes in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

In addition, there is no blue color in the color materials of the Ming Dynasty, and blue and white are used to express it, which is called "blue and white five colors", which has become a unique feature of the times.

It can also be seen from this that the five-color porcelain of the Jin and Yuan dynasties is a blank.

Until the early 20s of the 80th century, Jingzhen Ceramic Archaeological Research Institute discovered fragments of chrysanthemum patterns fired in the form of red and green glazes in the Yuan Dynasty when they cleaned up the remains of the porcelain kiln workshops of the Yuan Dynasty;
In addition, some specimens of red and green colored porcelain pieces have also been unearthed from the remains of Yuan Dynasty kiln sites such as Jingzhen Zhongdukou, Zengjialong, Luomaqiao and so on.

However, Mr. Geng Baochang, a researcher at the Palace Museum and a well-known cultural relic appraisal expert, denied these two Yuan Dynasty fragments in his book "Ming and Qing Porcelain Appraisal" and identified them as colorful porcelain from the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty.

For a long time, apart from a few recognized pieces of multicolored porcelain from the Yuan Dynasty, the world has had disputes over other collections in the industry.

However, in the 90s of the twentieth century, when farmers along the northern Yangtze River in Songyuan, Kyrgyzstan Province in Northeast my country were plowing the land or digging the ground to build houses, they often dug out some fragments and complete pieces of blue and white and multicolored porcelain from the ground.

The types of these porcelains include plates, bowls, pots, cans, etc., and those with many glaze colors can be called "five-color flowers".

In addition to blue blue and white, there are red, green, yellow, ochre, black and other colors;

There are only two colors of glaze, red and green, so the local people call it "red and green color".

In July 1992, when the villagers of Daijitun, Welcome Village, Shiqiao Township, Fuyu County, Kyrgyzstan Province were building a road, they discovered three ancient tombs not far from the surface.

From these three ancient tombs, 18 pieces of five-color, blue and white, and ocher-glazed porcelain were unearthed.

One of the "Zhizheng Year System" overglaze multicolored branch flower bowls is the most eye-catching.

It is the year name of the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Bo'er of Yuanshun Tuohuan Tiemuer.

Porcelain with this year and model, you can't say it is something from the Hongwu and Yongle periods of the Ming Dynasty, right?

Since then, a certain number of red and green colored (five-color) porcelain and porcelain pieces with inscriptions in Chinese characters, inscriptions in Paspa, inscriptions in Sanskrit, or without inscriptions have been unearthed in many places along the river.

Some of these whole instruments and fragments have entered museums, and some have been circulated among the people.

The red and green colored porcelain specimens that entered the museum were determined to be products of Jingzhen official kilns in the Yuan Dynasty after several years of research and textual research by the archaeological team leader and colleagues who presided over the excavation work.

In 1994, when he was the leader of the cultural relics team in Kyrgyzstan, he published an article in the monthly magazine "Cultural Relics", demonstrating the fact that red and green colored porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty had been fired in history.

However, there are also some experts in the industry who have different opinions. Some of them believe that the porcelain with the inscription "zhizheng year system" was fired during the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty.

Some people believe that it was fired during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty;

Therefore, the Yuan Dynasty title should be the "entrusted money" deliberately written by craftsmen during the Zhengde or Jiajing periods of the Ming Dynasty.

In response to the doubts of experts from all walks of life, in order to verify the exact meaning of the Basiba characters on the bottom of a porcelain plate, I deliberately went to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to seek advice from authoritative scholars who study Western Region characters.

After translation and interpretation by ancient text experts, it is confirmed that the meaning of the Basiba text written on the bottom of the porcelain is also "zhizheng year system".

After accumulating years of research results, he finally published a monograph "Yuan Dynasty Blue and White and Colorful Porcelain".

This book further systematically announces the true appearance of multicolored, red and green colored porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty.

The five-color porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty identified later includes bowls with five-color wreath patterns, plates with five-color peacock peony and longevity stone patterns, cups with five-color double-winged dragon patterns, and so on.

In fact, Yuan five-color porcelain with a style similar to the three-color glaze on the glaze of the Song and Jin Dynasties was unearthed not only in Fuyu Yuan tombs in Kyrgyzstan, but also in foreign countries.

In recent years, Yuan Dynasty multicolored porcelain bowls have also been found in the Philippines from Mandulo to Port Calais, but none of them have money, and the most important thing is that the number has reached 3000.

Many museums and collectors at home and abroad also have collections of multicolored porcelain from the Yuan Dynasty.

For example, the multicolored flower pattern jar and the multicolored lotus pattern boat-shaped water injection are hidden in the National Museum of Thailand.

The jars with multicolored figure patterns and jars with multicolored fairy aunt patterns in the Yuan Dynasty are all hidden in neon.

In addition, the earliest public disclosure of red and green colored porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty is a red and green colored lion ball pattern jade pot spring bottle collected by the Neon Tokyo National Museum.

(End of this chapter)