Beiyang 1917

[Text] Chapter 190 Achievements in 1917

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From April to the end of December in 1917, with the appearance of the butterfly Wang Geng in China, great changes occurred in China. The achievements in various aspects are summarized as follows:

First, after the participating army was prepared and established on the basis of the 16th Mixed Brigade, China obtained more favorable conditions for participating in the war through negotiations with the foreign powers than before, which set off pressure on the government and the opposition to enhance China's strength and reduce boxer indemnities by participating in the war In the turmoil, the long-standing stalemate between President Li Yuanhong and State Premier Duan Qirui over whether to participate in the war or not "the government court dispute" finally ended with the resignation of Xue Chao and Li Yuanhong.download_load_floor

Second, China took advantage of the generous conditions of delaying the payment of boxer indemnity for ten years after participating in the war, and reformed the currency issuance system with boxer indemnity as collateral. In order to issue currency through Bank of China and Bank of Communications.

Third, the Bank of China and the Bank of Communications, under the promotion of Wang Geng and with the cooperation of Xu Shuzheng, successfully completed the issuance of the new banknote Zhongyuan by the Ministry of Finance issuing 3.8 million government bonds for participating in the war. Zhongyuan uses US dollars as the issuance reserve and Credit binding, the transition from the silver standard to the gold standard, thus establishing a new national banknote issuance system that replaced silver dollars and silver taels in one fell swoop. At the same time, nearly 9000 million old Beijing banknotes were successfully recycled, and Zhongyuan with strong credit began to enter thousands of households.

Fourth, the Bank of China and the Bank of Communications, using the war bonds issued by the Ministry of Finance as collateral, respectively reached an agreement to borrow 2 million ri from Japan and purchase nearly 1 million US dollars in arms from the United States, which made the subsequent construction of the participating army And the construction of the Beijing-Suizhou Railway and Highway Network has obtained sufficient resources.

Fifth, relying on the support of ri's loan to the United States and the financial and military budget after the issuance of the new central yuan, in the nine months from April to the end of December, under the guarantee that seven batches of US aid arrived on the shore, Recruited and trained thirteen reorganized divisions to participate in the model army, including three German mechanic divisions and ten American mechanic divisions. Each division governed three mixed brigades, one heavy artillery regiment, and one wheeled armored regiment. The full staffing of the division is 4 people per division.

In the process of reorganizing the troops of the participating army, the former Army's No.15 Division, No.16 Division, No.1 Division, Eighth Division, Fifth Division, Third Division, and the Shanxi Army's First Division have been abolished and reorganized. And successively obtained the votes of Cao Kun, the former governor of Zhili, Yan Xishan, the former governor of Shanxi, and the approval of the acting president for the alliance between Zhili and Anhui.

Sixth, the air force of the participating army was successfully established, the first batch of 2500 flight cadets from the Nanyuan Flying Academy successfully completed the crash training, 432 ground staff and mechanics completed the basic training, and 5 imported British SE4 fighter jets, DH0400 reconnaissance bombers, Han The Delipet [-] heavy bomber was assembled and tested.

到12月底，参战军航空队6个16架的战斗机中队、6个16架的侦察轰炸机中队和4个12架的重型轰炸机中队正式组建并投入了现役。

Seventh, the Air Force of the participating army has completed the modification of 36 civilian Handley Page 0400 aircraft. By leasing pilots and civilian passenger aircraft to the newly established China Airlines, it has successively opened up more than ten domestic routes and has become the world's largest airliner. The pioneer of large-scale application of civil aviation passenger aircraft.

Eighth, the Beijing-Suizhou Railway Company, which was reorganized and established on the basis of the Beijing-Suizhou Railway Bureau, completed the laying of a 240-kilometer section of the Beijing-Suizhou Railway from Fengzhen in Zhangjiakou to Guisui, the provincial capital of Suiyuan, and created an average daily railway laying of more than 1 kilometer The Asian railway construction speed record.

After the Beijing-Suizhou Railway was completed at the end of October, the Beijing-Suizhou Railway Company has made persistent efforts. More than half of the laying of the 10-kilometer railway from Guisui to Baotou has been completed. 140 kilometers of mileage.

第九、京绥铁路公司总工程师兼交通部铁路帮办詹天佑代理的勘探小组，完成了归绥至包头149公里、包头至白云鄂博120公里、包头至鄂尔多斯90公里、包头至巴彦淖尔212公里，巴彦淖尔至乌拉特后旗90公里的铁路和公路路线勘探设计。

The first and second exploration teams under Zhan Tianyou are exploring the 615-kilometer railway and road lines from Erlian to Kulun and 860 kilometers from Bayannaoer to Yinchuan-Lanzhou.

Tenth, the Sino-American Petroleum Corporation was established, and drilled China's first oil well with an annual output of 50 tons in Renqiu Oilfield, east of Baoding in North China. Renqiu and Xuanhua refined oil refineries with an annual output of 1800 tons each were installed and commissioned Successfully and smoothly put into production, with the successful drilling of the second 20000-ton crude oil well in Renqiu Oilfield, the crude oil production in Renqiu Oilfield of Sino-American Petroleum Corporation reached [-] barrels.

No.11. China Iron and Steel Corporation was established and built the first comprehensive heavy industry base in Xuanhua, southwest of Zhangjiakou. Xuanhua Iron Mine, Xuanhua Iron and Steel Plant, and Xuanhua No. 1918 Arsenal of the participating army are under construction. It was officially put into operation, while Xuanhua Oil Refinery completed the installation and commissioning ahead of schedule and started oil refining.

The coking coal in the Xuanhua Heavy Industry Base mainly comes from the Kailuan Mining Bureau and the Jingxing Coal Mine in Shanxi, while the crude oil is transported from the Renqiu Oilfield via the Beijing-Hanzhou Railway and the Beijing-Suizhou Railway.

No.12. The great contribution made by the participating army in the water conservancy dredging, reinforcement and renovation works on both sides of the Yongding River from April to August prevented the Yongding River, the largest tributary of the Haihe River Basin, from being flooded in history due to the heavy rain in the summer of 4. Most of the major floods in Tianjin occurred in Zhili and Tianjin, and the China Charity Foundation established by Wang Geng cooperated with the Department of Civil Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to do a lot of disaster relief and aftermath work during the Yellow River floods in Henan and Shandong.

No.13. The Beijing-Suiyuan Railway and Highway Projects in Suiyuan and Zhangjiakou Hetao areas absorbed nearly 20 refugees to participate in the construction of railway and highway projects through work relief, and Suiyuan recruited [-] households for the Hetao area in Henan, Shandong and other places The displaced people went to Suiyuan Hetao area to reclaim wasteland and settle down.

No.14. The participating army took advantage of the unstable situation in Russia to plan ahead with mechanized advance, strong support, and air reconnaissance and cover. The third division of Wu Peifu marched into Outer Mongolia from Suiyuan. Disarmed and surrendered when Tsarist Russia itself was unstable.

After the Kulun authorities put down their arms and Wang Geng and Xia Yiting visited Kulun for symbolic negotiations, Outer Mongolia took the initiative to write a letter to Zhong Yang announcing the abolition of autonomy and returning to China as a province. At the same time, Wu Peifu's third division and subsequent Wang Chengbin The Tenth Division quickly occupied all the important places in Outer Mongolia, cleared and expelled the Tsarist Russian troops stationed in Mongolia, and China completely took back Outer Mongolia.

No.15. At the end of the year, the Soviet Russian government was used to quarrel with the Constituent Assembly. After the little mentor issued a declaration on behalf of Soviet Russia to abolish all unequal treaties between Imperial Russia and China, and to renounce all territories occupied or ceded from China, China-Government Fu No. It immediately responded to the other party's declaration and declared that it would abolish all unequal treaties with Tsarist Russia and take back all the land occupied by Tsarist Russia.

At the same time, the [-]th, [-]th, and [-]th Divisions of the participating army, which had been lined up along the Middle East Road, disarmed the Russian Russian Middle East Road guards at Wang Geng's order, and officially took back the Middle East Road.

No.16. While taking back Outer Mongolia and the Middle East Road, the Chinese government announced that it would protect the lives and property of Russians in China, and recognize and protect the legal investment of Tsarist Russian businessmen in China. The anxiety and mistrust in the hearts of the Chinese army and immigrants have made China's Duan Qirui government and the participating troops gain wider support and recognition internationally!

On January 1918, 1, the Chinese Ministry of Finance issued the first phase of 1 million patriotic bonds in 1918. Due to the issuance and popularization of Zhongyuan in the previous year, and Wang Geng’s initial development in the fields of railways, aviation, highways, petroleum, and steel Large-scale enterprises with strong capital were established, and with the restructuring of the Bank of China and the Bank of Communications, private capital followed closely behind with loose money. In the second half of 3, China's industry and commerce achieved vigorous development.

The Republic of China 3-year 7% government bond with a total amount of 2 million yuan was successfully issued. At the same time, the Chinese government once again borrowed 1 million ri from Japan and [-] million US dollars from the United States through the guarantees of Bank of China and Bank of Communications.

Wang Geng knew that the challenge to China and the world in 1918 was much greater than in 1917. Although the Chinese model army participating in the war had been expanded and integrated to 40 people, if it really wanted to deal with the situation in Russia or even send troops to the Eastern Front, it would be a mere 40 soldiers. Ten thousand people are simply not enough, and it is almost impossible to even launch a campaign.

In the previous life, the Allied Powers armed the Tsarist Russian White Guard with a strength of 30 to 50 at every turn, but they were beaten all over the ground by the small man and Trotsky's dominant army. . .

In 1918, the Model Army had to train at least ten more divisions to be barely enough!