young marshal spring and autumn

Zhang Hanqing will never forget the famous saying of a great man in later generations: "Science and technology are the primary productive forces".No matter it is in the old China with withered national strength, or the new China that is waiting to be rebuilt, or in the environment after the reform and opening up, no advanced technology can be introduced.All China can rely on is the hard work and wisdom of the Chinese people.

Because of the emphasis on education, the Feng family has sprung up in just a few years, showing the good role of knowledge.Think about Japan. With the funds from the Sino-Japanese War indemnity invested in education, it can quickly "leave Asia and enter Europe" and become a new power.After having the opportunity to enter the Central Committee, the theme of respecting teachers and emphasizing education was put on the table again.

In China, there have been several detours in education: from the respect for intellectuals before liberation, to the "stinky old nine" who were degraded to nothing during the Cultural Revolution, to respect for knowledge and talents after the reform, and then to The reform of the so-called "industrialized" education system that has been criticized by many parties, and the re-improvement of teachers' salaries before Zhang Hanqing's time travel.Repeatedly in the middle, talents are wasted and buried generation after generation.

China's backwardness is inseparable from the backwardness of the national quality.Due to the ignorant policy of the Qing rulers, education in the modern sense only took shape after China's national gate was opened by the powerful Western imperialists.However, it cannot be said that the status of educators in the 21st century is so noble and their remuneration has been greatly improved.Compared with the beginning of the Republic of China, teachers—to be precise, professors were paid very high.

Speaking of professors in the Republic of China, many people admire and envy them.Because the intellectuals at that time were not the same as today's intellectuals, with high knowledge, high status and high income.Take Mr. Lu Xun as an example. Everyone knows that Lu Xun writes manuscripts and earns a lot of money as a professor, but how rich is Lu Xun?Some people say that Lu Xun is a "millionaire". According to statistics, Lu Xun earned a total of more than 1912 silver dollars during the 1936 years from 24 when Lu Xun served in the Beijing Ministry of Education to his death in 12, which is about 480 million yuan today.This may not be the case, because judging from the income recorded in Lu Xun's diary and the treatment of professors during the Republic of China, Lu Xun's income at that time was indeed considered a rich man.

"People today don't see the moon in ancient times, but this month once shines on the ancients." Apart from Lu Xun, how were other professors in the Republic of China treated?What is the gap between the economic status of professors in the Republic of China and today's professors?According to Article 1927 of the "University Teacher Qualification Regulations" and "University Teacher Salary Table" published in June 6, the first-level monthly salary of professors at that time was 20 yuan, which is about 500 yuan today; the first-level monthly salary of associate professors was 17000 yuan, about The total is 340 yuan today; the first-level monthly salary for lecturers is 12000 yuan, which is about 260 yuan today; the first-level monthly salary for teaching assistants is 9000 yuan, which is about 180 yuan today.

In the article "Seven Years of Peking University", Mr. Li Shuhua talked about the treatment of Peking University professors during the Republic of China: "The highest salary of Peking University professors is 280 yuan a month, and there are also 260 yuan or 240 yuan a month. Lecturers (note: non-level also, It is the title of a part-time teacher. When Lu Xun was a staff member of the Ministry of Education, he also worked part-time as a lecturer at Peking University). The salary is calculated at five yuan per hour. The salary of a teaching assistant is about five, 60 yuan to more than 100 yuan per month."

Someone once converted the monthly salary of Peking University professors in the period of the Republic of China, saying that the highest monthly salary of Peking University professors was 280 silver dollars (Ocean), which is about 12000 yuan today; Calculated at 5 yuan per hour, if you work 8-10 hours a week, your income can reach 160-200 silver dollars per month, which is about 6000-8000 yuan today.That is to say, the professors at that time could earn 8000 to 80 yuan a month just for extra money.But the team of Peking University professors at that time was far smaller than it is now, with only about [-] professors.

Mr. Li Shuhua also said, "Life in Beijing is cheap. The expenses of a small family can be maintained by tens of dollars a month. If you spend 30 yuan a month, you can live a good life. You can rent a courtyard house for about There are more than [-] houses, the monthly rent is only [-] to [-] yuan, and the average monthly rent for each room is about [-] yuan. You can hire a cook, a manservant or maid, and a rickshaw driver; the daily meal cost is less than [-] yuan , you can eat well. Some professors live frugally and save money to buy a house of several thousand yuan to live in; there are even some who can buy a few houses for rent out.”

In fact, most professors in the Republic of China did not need to rent houses at all. For example, National Tsing Hua University provided free housing for professors at that time. In the spring of 1933, nearly 50 families including Wen Yiduo, Gu Yuxiu, Zhou Peiyuan, Lei Haizong, Wu Youxun, and Yang Wuzhi (the father of Yang Zhenning) lived in Tsinghua West Hospital.Wen Yiduo lives in No. 46 "Kuang Zhai" which is a Chinese-style building with 14 houses in total. At the beginning of 1935, professors Wen Yiduo, Yu Pingbo, Wu Youxun, Zhou Peiyuan, Chen Daisun and others moved into Tsinghua New South Campus. It is said that 30 Western-style brick houses were newly built, one for each person.The condition is excellent and impeccable, study room, bedroom, dining room, reception room, bathroom, storage room, telephone, hot water are fully equipped, everything you expect.

In this regard, Zhang Hanqing thinks it is worthwhile.When you think about the endless stream of literary masters in the early years of the Republic of China, as well as characters who have learned both Chinese and Western cultures, you will know that these treatments are just a little bit of compensation for them.Only when a good atmosphere of respect for knowledge and intellectuals is formed in the whole society can the country have hope.Therefore, despite the urgent need for funds for economic construction, Zhang Hanqing still asked the State Council to do everything possible to allocate funds to teachers, improve their salaries, and improve their working conditions.

In order to instill in the whole society the concept of rejuvenating the country through knowledge, Zhang Hanqing even required local governments at all levels in the form of administrative decrees: the scale of the office buildings of all government agencies should not be better than that of any primary and secondary school under their jurisdiction; the building strength of all primary and secondary schools should be The office building of the local government unit shall not be lower than that of the office building of the local government unit; under no circumstances shall teachers’ wages be owed. Even in poor areas, limited resources must be invested in education first. At the meeting of the Central Standing Committee, it was repeatedly emphasized: "No matter how poor you are, you can't have poor education, and no matter how hard you are, you can't suffer children."The state and local governments have invested heavily in the establishment of schools, and plan to popularize five-year compulsory education throughout the country.Under the strong appeal of the Propaganda Department of the People's Party, there has been an upsurge of investment in running schools all over the country. The direction is "all for the students, for all the students, and for all the students".

For local governments that occupy educational resources and violate the above laws and regulations, once found, the top executives will not be promoted within three years, and the supervisors of units that violate the regulations will be punished with demerits, demotion, dismissal or even dismissal depending on the severity of the circumstances, and corrections will be made within a time limit, and reported to the local legislature.This order was known as "the first order of the word" in later generations, and caused more than half of the officials in the local governments to pay close attention to education, and the power of the education committees at all levels expanded unprecedentedly.

Not only does he attach importance to popular education, Zhang Hanqing is also at the forefront of the times in terms of professional education.He actively instructed and participated in the "Five Teachers" system - that is, the qualification certification system for lawyers, accountants, engineers, teachers and doctors, thus raising the social status of the relevant middle and senior intellectuals to a very high level. Applying what you have learned has set off a climax of respect for knowledge and intellectuals in the whole society, and its impact on the politics, economy, and science and technology of future Chinese generations cannot be overstated.

The sampling and standardization system originally implemented in the arsenal also surfaced at the civilian level.In order to minimize the waste of resources, Zhang Hanqing set up the "China National Standardization Committee" and took the lead in introducing the popular iso9000 system into China, and called the sampling system the first national standard (gb0001), which is the first step for the scale and development of China's industrial system. Standardization is a good start.A large number of graduates who received universal education gave up the tradition of handing down dictation, took over the tools of their predecessors, and used new ideas to integrate China into the wave of industrialization in a short period of time.

In addition, the national credit system and personal credit system are also brewing, and the patent system has been submitted to the Congress for review.All of this marks that under the influence of Zhang Hanqing, the Republic of China is advancing in a positive and positive direction, thriving and promising.