young marshal spring and autumn

The main methods of the "Chaoyang Land Reform" are:

1.The decree stipulates that the ownership of land belongs to the state, and the Northeast United Province Autonomous Government recognizes the status quo (priority of use) of the land legally owned by individuals.The governments at the county, township, and village levels in the Chaoyang area set up a "Land Reform Committee" to carry out tasks such as surveying land, evaluating land prices, registering by head, and obtaining the "Land Use Certificate".

2.The limit of individual land ownership is based on 30 mu per capita, and the excess of the law will be purchased by the Northeast Federal Autonomous Government in the form of redemption (based on the price base at the beginning of 1918, which is about 20 yuan/standard field mu), the required expenses are divided into 10 years Amortize principal and interest. ----This is actually a chicken-and-egg idea: the self-government does not need to pay the land tax in advance to support the industry as fiscal revenue, and then use the industrial income tax to amortize the interest amount in installments.Later, it is appropriate to reduce the amount of government debt through currency devaluation, or to raise funds by issuing bonds by the government, etc. in extraordinary times.This is called agriculture subsidizing industry and industry feeding back agriculture.

3.For the currently landless peasants and the unemployed people (bandits) who have reformed themselves, the Northeast Federal Autonomous Government allocates 30 mu of standard land per capita after conversion, but must pay about ten to two agricultural taxes within five years. From 5 years onwards, the agricultural tax will drop to 6%.The agricultural tax here is currently paid in kind, and its level is based on the standard output of an ordinary one-mu field in the Chaoyang area, and then the tax amount to be paid is calculated according to the proportion.Because the currency situation in Northeast China is very different, in the early days, Chaoyang, as a land reform pilot, first set up a grain bureau to sell the grain collected that year by the policy——because of the inconvenient transportation, some farmers also sold their surplus grain to grain Bureau.The Grain Bureau then unified the sale of grain outside the customs and abroad at a high price in order to obtain greater profits.This method has greatly increased the government's revenue, and the collection of grain is more affordable than the collection of coins-because the price of grain outside the customs is rising.Later, after the popularization of land reform, the grain in the three northeastern provinces could not be sold off-site for a long time, and the government also cracked down on the export of grain, which made the government monopolize the sales of grain and increase investment in industry----I encountered this in my hometown in the 80s This situation, so the protagonist Zhang Hanqing can think of this method, and give the author extra points as appropriate.

4.In order to encourage the development of wasteland, the government also provides a preferential policy of tax exemption for 3 years in advance to farmers who take the initiative to open up wasteland, and appropriately provides agricultural resources and farm tools to those who open up wasteland. After that, the tax will be restored to the same tax level as the original land of the individual----pay An agricultural tax of [-]% of the land harvest.

5.The self-government of the Northeast United Provinces allows the lease and employment of land, but it cannot transfer and buy and sell land-no one will automatically give up the land they own if there is no other source of livelihood.

6.The Autonomous Government of the Northeast United Provinces guarantees the right to use the land for all land subdividers. Once any land owner (landlord) who obstructs or conceals the land reform decree is discovered, the serious case will be punished with capital punishment, and the lighter case will be punished with a penalty no less than that of the land where the land reform occurred. A fine of 3 to 10 times the unit price and at least not less than 100 yuan.

7.In order to solve the worries of the veterans, Zhang Hanqing even issued a decree: All the families of Fengjun soldiers can obtain 30 acres of middle and upper-class land provided by the local government free of charge, and there is no need to pay taxes during their service.This measure not only enhanced the enthusiasm of the Northeast people to join the army, but also made the status of soldiers unprecedentedly improved.

So on the land of Chaoyang, a vigorous land reform movement kicked off.

The vast landless peasantry wholeheartedly supported this government decree.Although the initial tax was a bit higher, the Land Reform Law clearly stated that farmers only had a single tax, the "land tax".Moreover, about 100 land reform propaganda teams organized by Zhang Hanqing went through villages and households to convey the policy to the grassroots.

Some bandits who were forced to go to Liangshan returned to their hometowns one after another, attracted by the land reform policy, and the government did what it said, distributing land for free according to regulations.Not only that, but for those who are really poor, the government also sells seeds on credit.

But the landlords, especially the big landlords, could not tolerate this policy. Zhang Hanqing used force to suppress a group of diehards who intended to fight the land reform by force.There is a new policy implemented by the "King of the Northeast" Zhang Zuolin who personally towns Chaoyang, and there is no reason for them to cry to death.

The greatest benefit of the Chaoyang land reform to Zhang Hanqing is that he has cultivated a large number of political cadres who have taken root in the grassroots from the beginning. .

Another major historical change accompanying the "Chaoyang Land Reform" was the implementation of "household production contract".This policy is essentially a guarantee for farmers: that is, on the basis of the land they own, farmers who have spare capacity are encouraged to contract excess land in the local area. Agricultural tax (payment of food or currency) is levied at the same price to encourage land reclamation.

At that time, some Chinese intellectuals who were inspired by Soviet Russia were very yearning for the collective farm model of Soviet Russia, and believed that it was a manifestation of the superiority of socialism over capitalism.Regarding the situation of China's rural development after the "Chaoyang Land Reform", many people only stay on paper and ideals.Even Pan Fu, who had no communist ideology, and other people in the financial and economic circles of the Feng family were in favor of the collectivization of agriculture while the nationalization of industry.Their point of view is that since the landless peasants depend on the self-government to distribute their land, nationalization may be more conducive to the development of agriculture.Only Zhang Hanqing understands that capitalism at this stage is far from reaching the time of decay or even extinction as claimed in "Das Kapital"; not only that, China, which is socialist in later history, will have to re-recognize this after many years of agricultural collectivization. The disadvantages of doing it, and then return to the policy of contracting production on a household basis, which is suitable for China's national conditions.That being the case, why take a detour?

The policy of "household production contract" is the only way that Zhang Hanqing knows to mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers: Just imagine the support of this policy and the great enthusiasm for the land generated by farmers on the land of China at the beginning of the reform and opening up. It is no exaggeration to describe it.

In fact, the benefits of doing so are huge: on the one hand, the enthusiasm of farmers for production is fully mobilized, and the productivity is greatly liberated, which not only ensures that the state, but also private families have a large surplus-the more you pay, the more you benefit; After the majority of farmers have surplus food, the government can provide appropriate commercial guidance, and the economy can be fully active and have the opportunity to promote the development of trade, which is beneficial to both the country and the people.

Also in order to dispel farmers’ doubts about the changing policies, the government of Chaoyang District announced to the whole region in the form of a land order that the land contract period of “household production contract” is 20 years, and after the contract expires, the original contractor enjoys priority. contracting rights.

It is really unimaginable how much unused creativity is contained in the vast rural areas of China!The passion of the peasants that has been suppressed for 2000 years has been thoroughly vented in the Chaoyang area.Half a year later in January 1919, after repaying the land acquisition interest for the first half year, the Chaoyang area achieved a 1% fiscal increase over the same period of the previous year. "With surplus food in hand, don't panic in your heart", the farmers who can finally take a breath support this policy and their gratitude to the government after the harvest, and the experience of Chaoyang's land reform is given to the skeptical Fengjun senior officials, especially Zhang Zuolin, Wu Junsheng, etc. People are shocked.What's even more rare is that the banditry that has been unable to be eliminated for many years has basically disappeared locally!After listening to Chaoyang's experience, officials from all over the country asked the autonomous government to spread this method to other places.

Therefore, when Zhang Hanqing proposed to implement the experience of "Sunrise Land Reform" and "household production contracting" throughout the Northeast, it was unanimously endorsed by the top officials of the Feng Clan, and the Northeast New Deal led by agricultural progress first kicked off in the three northeastern provinces.As support for the pioneer and helm Zhang Hanqing, with the support of Zhang Zuolin and Zhang Zuoxiang, Han Shuxiu served as the secretary-general of the "Land Reform Committee of the Three Eastern Provinces", and Mo Dehui, Zhang Hanqing's best friend and financial expert, served as his executive deputy. Director, the members of the Young Marshal Department also stepped onto the center of the Feng Department's political stage.