young marshal spring and autumn

When the land reform was in full swing, Zhang Zuolin's government held a meeting in May to fully launch the first three-year economic development plan for the three northeastern provinces. The comprehensive construction of the Northeast conceived by Zhang Hanqing was vigorously launched.At this time, the effect of the land reform had not yet been directly converted into the government's fiscal revenue. Zhang Hanqing's efforts on Soviet Russia changed the situation of fiscal urgency.

You must know that the sixth article of the "Xin Chou Treaty" agreed that the Qing government should compensate Russia, Germany, France, Britain, the United States, Japan, Italy, Austria, and the six "injured countries" of Belgium, Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, and Norway. , The loss cost is 4 million taels of silver, the period of compensation is from 5 to 1902, the annual interest is 1940%, the total principal and interest is 4 million taels, it is "Gengzi compensation".The distribution rate among countries is highest in Russia, 9%.Because Russia needs to spend the most to send troops to Manchuria, it has the largest income, more than 8 million taels.The Qing government thought that the customs revenue could only cover the old foreign debts. In order to raise reparations, the annual amount of more than 28 million taels was apportioned to the provinces and customs, which caused land tax, Ding Cao, grain donation, deed tax, pawn tax, salt price increase, and customs duties. ﹑Lijin﹑unified tax and various exorbitant taxes continued to increase.According to this, Russia controlled all the customs in the three northeastern provinces, and only lost the two important seaports of Dalian and Dandong after the "Russian-Japanese War".Changchun is the watershed of Japanese and Russian forces, and Harbin is the sphere of Russian influence.The right to define tariffs and the right to manage customs administration in various places are not in the hands of the Northeast United Province Autonomous Government.Therefore, although Zhang Zuolin took control of the military administration of Feng Province in the early days, he was always constrained financially and controlled by others.In the simplest example, even when Feng Delin competed with Feng Delin for the leadership of Fengtian, he needed to borrow 97 million yuan from Japan to win.

As far back as the beginning of the "October Revolution" in the Soviet Union, Zhang Hanqing immediately overwhelmed public opinion and took the lead in persuading Zhang Zuolin to pass the recognition of the Soviet Russian government in the name of the tour envoy of the three eastern provinces.Such a god-sent opportunity, if you don't take advantage of this time to get back some benefits, you will be in this world in vain.In history, this opportunity was wasted in vain-the strength of Fengjun was not at this level at that time, and there was no "brain tank" in Fengjun like Zhang Hanqing who was as insightful as Zhang Hanqing.The real Zhang Xueliang "cranked himself up" in 1929 and organized the "Middle East Road Incident" to restore his possession of the North Manchuria Railway.Unexpectedly, the revived Soviet Union beat him to shame. From then on, he became a desert road after serving Russia, and completely cut off Jiu.The possible rescue opportunities for Soviet Russia when the accident occurred on [-]th.

Opportunities are sometimes just a moment.

Threatened by the White Bandits and many foreign interference forces, the new Soviet Russian government quickly responded to this timely move: the Soviet Russian government announced that it agreed and supported the peace agreement between the Northeast Autonomous Government and the Far Eastern Republic, and decided to abandon the imperial Russia. All privileges in China (mainly in the Northeast), including the refund of the unpaid part of the Boxer Indemnity.And after negotiating with the Northeast United Provincial Autonomous Government, it gradually gave up the control of the North Manchurian Railway in the Tsarist Russia era and transferred it to Sino-Soviet joint management, with sovereignty in China.And the purpose of all these quid pro quos is only one: to prompt the Beiyang government to recognize the new Soviet regime.

According to Zhang Hanqing's analysis, this is by no means the good intentions of Soviet Russia: in 1917, the Soviet government established by the Bolshevik Party of Soviet Russia signed the "Brest-Litovsk Treaty" with Germany on March 1918, 3 at the suggestion of Lenin. ".Although this treaty was signed by both Russia and Germany, it greatly angered various forces opposing the Bolsheviks in the Soviet Union and abroad. The reason is that this treaty allowed Russia to cede a large area of ​​western Russia.However, Lenin judged that Germany was about to fail in the near future, and the ceded land failed to be retained by Germany, which would eventually fall into the hands of the Soviet government. This move still aroused dissatisfaction among the opposition; For the sake of peace, the dying Germany avoided the interference of continuing the two-front war, which could delay the war that was about to end for a period of time; in addition, the fear of socialism was also one of the important reasons for the subsequent intervention of the powers.

The Soviet-Russian civil war is raging, whether the red regime can hold its own is still overwhelmed, and Japan is eyeing the Far East, so naturally it is happy to be human.

However, in any case, under the influence of Zhang Hanqing, in modern China, Northeast China was the first place to be able to partially recover its independent rights to tariffs, which greatly increased Zhang Zuolin's domestic prestige.Relying on the income from tariffs, the Northeast United Provincial Autonomous Government safely resolved the most difficult first year of fiscal deficit and debt repayment crisis.After passing this hurdle, from then on, as the treasury gradually fills up, repayment will become easier every year.

According to the official history, Fengtian Province is the province with the earliest development, the largest population and the most developed economy among the three eastern provinces.Three-quarters of the industry in Northeast China is concentrated in Fengtian.Fengtian is also rich in mineral deposits, such as iron mines in Anshan and coal mines in Fushun.Most of Fengjun's military force is also deployed in Fengtian.Fengtian (Shenyang) was the imperial capital before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, and it was also the political and military center of the Northeast region before the "9 Incident".Fengtian Arsenal was the largest arsenal in the country at that time. It could not only produce rifles, light and heavy machine guns, but also mortars, cannons, and corresponding ammunition.

Jilin Province had no industry at that time.

Heilongjiang Province is the northernmost province among the three northeastern provinces. At that time, it was sparsely populated and its capital was Qiqihar.The main city of Harbin was originally just a small village on the Songhua River. In 1898, Russia artificially built the Middle East Railway and rapidly expanded Harbin into a large-scale town. In February 1903, the Middle East Railway was completed and opened to traffic, and the Middle East Railway Administration, which was in charge of railway management and operation, was located in Harbin.Therefore, Harbin is a city with a strong Russian style.To this day, the Daliba and Harbin Red Sausage in Qiulin Department Store, the Russian-style buildings on Zhongyang Street, and the magnificent Sophia Cathedral still remind people of the Russian style of Harbin in the past.After liberation, marked by the development of the Great Northern Wilderness in the 2s and the Daqing Oilfield in the 50s, Heilongjiang gradually became the most economically developed province among the three northeastern provinces.

At the beginning of Zhang Zuolin's entry into the Northeast, Zhang Zuoxiang, his ally and important confidant, advocated "sticking to the outside of the customs, maintaining health, training soldiers, and expanding strength" as the best policy.Using the wisdom of later generations, Zhang Hanqing was mainly responsible for drafting the Northeast New Deal successively. The main content was in the political, military, and economic aspects. Three epoch-making programmatic masterpieces: "Military Outline" and "Constitution of the Northeast People's Party" supported by Zhang Zuolin.

The "Three-Year Plan for National Economic Development in Northeast China" outlines the determination and direction of revitalizing Northeast China in a magnificent space. The main contents are as follows:

First, use the power led by the self-government to plan to initially establish a relatively complete industrial system related to the national economy and the people's livelihood in three years, including railways, transportation, iron smelting, mining, coal, locomotive imitation, machine tools, tractors, chemical industry, power generation, textiles Industrial sectors such as industry, food industry and military industry.Associations are set up in various industries, and the government assigns staff to serve as the secretary-general of the industry associations, allowing and encouraging private capital financing to join, while the government joins with real estate, supporting industries, or a small amount of cash as part of the shares.

The steel and chemical industries are mainly concentrated in Anshan and Benxi Lake, the coal industry is concentrated in Fushun, Benxi Lake, and Fuxin, the oil shale and synthetic fuel industries are concentrated in Fushun and Jilin, the magnesite mining industry is concentrated in Haicheng and Dashiqiao, and the hydropower industry is concentrated in In Jilin and the Yalu River, Fengtian is the center of machinery, munitions, and aircraft industries, while light industries such as textiles and food are concentrated in cities such as Dalian, Dandong, Harbin, and Qiqihar.

In terms of finance, the government led the establishment of the Northeast Industrial Bank, the Northeast Bank of Communications and the Northeast Agricultural Bank, and allowed private capital to invest in these three banks in the form of joint stock.In order to maximize the funds raised for economic construction, the government issued 6000 million yuan of "Fengtian National Bonds" with a term of 3 years, and the entire Northeast population shared 2 yuan equally, which was mandatory.The capital raised is used as investment in major economic construction projects of the government and upgrading of armaments.

In terms of railway transportation, Anfeng (Dandong--Fengtian) and Pingqi (Siping--Qiqihar) Railway Co., Ltd. were established to open up the north and south of Fengtian and bypass the North-Manchuria Railway to build another passage between Jilin and Heilongjiang to speed up The forces in northern Liaoning are under vacuum control.

In terms of water transportation, an inland water transportation system was established centering on the Songhua River Basin (the reason why the construction of the more important Yingkou Port was abandoned was because it was too close to the Kanto Prefecture controlled by Japan, and Japan had a navy that made China daunting at that time. Zhang Hanqing knew that no matter what It is also impossible to establish a sea force comparable to Japan in a short period of time. Instead of spending energy and money to make the Japanese cheaper, it is better to be in the territory of Soviet Russia. It is much safer for Japan, which is about to perish - although it is essentially the same as Japan - it can be seen from the official history that the Soviet Union plundered before squeezing out the Northeast).

In terms of finance, a unified tax system is divided into opium tax (opium is still reserved in extraordinary times, which is a major source of fiscal revenue), tobacco tax, agricultural tax, livestock tax, business tax, customs duty, and household registration tax.On the grounds that the industry is invested by the local government, all the income goes to the three northeastern provinces.Because the local land is "redeemed" by the government's loan, most of the tax revenue is assigned to the local government in the name of the government's need to "repay" the interest, and the national tax only accounts for 9% of the tax collected.

In terms of education, a relatively complete education system has been established. The three northeastern provinces have all introduced five-year compulsory education by the government.Shorten the number of school hours in large and medium schools.Widely set up vocational skills schools to train relevant vocational skills personnel, and establish more than 10 colleges and universities such as Northeast University (Zhang Hanqing is the first president), Jilin University, Harbin Institute of Technology, Northeast Normal University, etc., and at least one college must be popularized in each township small school.For this reason, he also proposed a slogan "Ten years to grow a tree, a hundred years to grow a man", which became a famous saying in the history of education in the [-]th century.In addition, the three-level party schools established in provinces, cities, and counties have made great contributions to the training of people's party cadres in the future.

The most important one: Issuing "Fengtian Coupons" to gradually concentrate the capital scattered among the people in the three eastern provinces in the form of currency barter into the hands of the government.The young marshal is not as good as his father in other things, but his ability to make money is much better than his father.The commander-in-chief relies on being a horse thief and a beard for the whole money, and the money comes in an unreasonable way.The young marshal has "read" foreign books, understands economics, and the way to make money is much cooler.

The specialty of Northeast China is soybeans, so the young marshal specially sells soybeans to the international market to earn money.Someone wants to say, how much money can you make by dumping soybeans?Daoteng is not the same as Daoteng, the young marshal issued a kind of non-convertible "Fengtian ticket", which is the same as waste paper except for the flowers.The young marshal took the waste paper to forcefully buy soybeans from the villagers, and exported the soybeans to exchange for money, and exchanged the money for arms and construction.Although the initial stage was a bit cruel, it is an essential first step for a poor and weak China to recover.In the past, the Chinese Communist regime also used the method of subsidizing agriculture and labor to achieve industrial development, and a certain superpower in the official history relied on continuous printing of US dollars to maintain its economic status. It seems that the approach is the same.But this Zhang Hanqing is better than the young marshals in the official history, he will not do those trivial things.When the future develops, the "Fengtian bond" will still have to be cashed, so let's just treat it as a national bond with a period of n years.

Because the three northeastern provinces are essentially an independent dynasty, the central fiscal policy does not work outside the customs.