young marshal spring and autumn

Zhang Hanqing is a person who "makes up his mind" on major political matters, but he is not his strong point for trivial work. Everything depends on the actual implementation of the deputy director of the Northeast Development Commission headed by Wang Yongjiang (referred to as the Development and Reform Commission, Zhang Hanqing's nominal director). His main work is to "bring fantastic ideas to the Northeast New Deal with amazing foresight" (see "History of the Republic of China--Biography of Zhang Hanqing").

At the beginning of the Northeast New Deal, the financial urgency was very obvious.Although there is a large amount of land in the Northeast, it lacks the necessary population to cultivate it.At this time, farming is still in an almost primitive way (this situation still occurs everywhere in China long after the reform and opening up 60 years later in the official history), and individuals are not capable of reclaiming so much land in a short period of time.The low productivity hampers the development of agriculture, and agriculture is the basic element that Zhang Hanqing relies on to deliver nutrition to industry.

To engage in industry, money is needed, and money can only come from agriculture as the primary industry at the beginning; if agriculture wants to develop greatly and production efficiency needs to be improved, it needs machines and other industrial achievements, which seems to be caught in an endless loop.Zhang Hanqing is not an expert in economics, but he understands the theory of economics, which is better than many experts in the financial circles in Northeast China.

China is a typical agricultural country, and money ultimately comes from agriculture.

In fact, Northeast China is not considered poor in the whole country. There is a black soil where "you can pinch the black soil to make oily flowers, and you can sprout with a pair of chopsticks". It is rich in water resources. Suitable for agricultural development.In terms of industry, because Japan and Russia successively invaded and used this place as a place to collect their raw materials, it led to the emergence of mining, ironmaking and related industries. In comparison, in terms of industry, apart from relying on the coastal geography Outside of the dominant cities such as Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Qingdao, there was no "excellent" industry in the country at that time than the Northeast industry—although the Northeast only had primitive handicraft workshop-style industries.

The people in the Northeast are poor, but the landlords and businessmen in the Northeast are not poor.Qiqihar was originally the provincial capital of Heilongjiang, but after the completion of the North-Manchuria Railway in Russia, Harbin's location advantages soon emerged, and eventually replaced Qiqihar as the new provincial capital of Heilongjiang Province.Under the night, Harbin is brightly lit. The largest soybean trading market in the Far East, the Northeast grain distribution base, and an important trade center in northern China have been gradually built here. Harbin, which was originally a small water port, has become the largest city in the Far East.After the revolution in Russia, many old Russian nobles who were dissatisfied with the Soviet regime moved to China with their families.Because of this factor, Zhang Hanqing decided to give full play to Harbin's unique role in attracting foreign capital.He enacted several bills in one go within a month of the start of the New Deal, greatly improving the underfunding problem.

The "Northeast Immigration Act" stipulates that foreign non-agricultural populations (mainly Belarusian immigrants) need to pay varying amounts of immigration fees to the Northeast Autonomous Government in order to become Chinese citizens.This immigration fee can also be replaced by investment (if the amount is within a certain level of investment, the fee will be exempted).Among them, personnel with professional expertise can be exempted from paying fees and work in various institutions arranged by the government, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, machinery, electronics, molds, navigation, shipbuilding, locomotives and other industries, providing free support for the development of Northeast industry. Talents.

According to the "Northeast Immigration Act", which was enacted to solve the situation of overpopulation and shortage of land, the government gave the green light to the entry of people from the customs and the North Korean border.Due to years of civil wars in the Guan, and the attraction of hearing that there is land in the Northeast, the impoverished Chinese population flocked from North China to outside the Guan. In January 1919, the population of the entire Northeast (only the three provinces outside the Guan) was 1 million, and by the end of the year it soared to 2622 million. , and reached 2783 million by the end of 1920, and this trend has accelerated significantly.

Thank God!Although Zhang Hanqing was not a devout Christian, he couldn't help being grateful for the good weather, because 1918 was another bumper harvest year.With another bumper harvest year, the three northeastern provinces where the Northeast United Provincial Autonomous Government is based have an annual output of 200 million tons of soybeans, 160 million tons of wheat, 56 tons of rice, 80 tons of millet, 640 million tons of sorghum, 400 million tons of corn, and miscellaneous grains. 48 tons of beans (except soybeans), 24 tons of cotton, and 13 tons of tobacco.Livestock include 320 million horses, 240 million cattle, 2400 million sheep and 3200 million pigs.The annual output of grain in the whole region is about 1600 million tons.According to the statistics bureau of the government, as of the end of December, the area of ​​arable land in the whole region was 12 million hectares (4000 billion mu), of which 40 million had been cultivated.The forest area is 1250 million hectares.The Northeast is no less than the "northern granary" of the south of the Yangtze River (it has been so since history).

With the help of the agricultural tax and the profits from the sale of surplus grain, the self-government has gained nearly 4 million yuan in revenue from agriculture alone. This is a concentration of almost all the surplus in the Northeast, far exceeding the total revenue of the central government excluding customs during the same period!So the industrial breakthrough conceived by Zhang Hanqing kicked off.

The first thing is the manufacture of tractors - this is the first choice for all industrial construction.With it, it is possible to farm more land with one farming population.There is still more than twice as much vast land in Northeast China as the land that has been reclaimed for development. Just think about how much wealth that is!Moreover, the manufacture of tractors does not appear to be too difficult today, and the conditions at that time also made its large-scale use possible.

Since ancient times, many people have tried to replace manpower and animal power with mechanical power for farming.But it was not until Europe entered the age of steam engines in the 19th century that the birth of powered agricultural machinery became possible. In the 19s, some people began to study the use of steam vehicles to pull agricultural machinery for field operations.But the steam engine traction vehicle (the predecessor of the steam tractor) that could be built at that time was like a water locomotive. Even if it did not sink in the field, it would compact the soil so hard that it could not be cultivated at all. In 30, Falas and Smith in England used steam engines to realize farmland mechanical farming for the first time.Some people regard this as the beginning of agricultural mechanization, but their method at that time was to place the steam engine on the head of the field, and use a wire rope to pull the plowshares that were plowing in the field from a distance.Later, with the advancement of steam engine manufacturing technology, a miniaturized steam engine appeared. It was installed on the chassis of the vehicle to drive the wheels, so that it could drive from the field into the field and directly pull agricultural machinery. This was the birth of the tractor. #1851; camp; #8226; Palvin of Illinois, USA, invented the earliest steam-powered tractor in 8226 and 1856 respectively.Tractors at the time were similar to early steam-engined automobiles, but with more horsepower and slower travel speeds.

The initial tractors were bulky and expensive, inconvenient to use, and often required several people to operate. They were suitable for farming in the vast fields, and ordinary individual farmers could not afford them. Agricultural tractor with internal combustion engine ---- "Baga" tractor.Because the internal combustion engine is relatively light, easy to operate, and has high work efficiency, its appearance has laid the foundation for the popularization and application of tractors. At the beginning of the 1889th century, countries such as Sweden, Germany, Hungary and the United Kingdom produced tractors powered by diesel internal combustion engines almost at the same time. During the First World War, due to the war, labor shortages and rising prices of agricultural products promoted the development of farmland tractors. .

Between 1910 and 1920, there was a fierce competition between steam engine and internal combustion engine powered tractors, with the latter showing greater superiority and gradually phasing out the former.Today's tractors use diesel internal combustion engines.

Zhang Hanqing is the first No.1 in China to rule out this kind of controversy. When he imitated the first tractor, he said categorically in the tone of a prophet that the use of diesel engines in the future will be the development trend of tractors, so he produced China's first domestically produced diesel engine. Xue Guangsen was invited to the Northeast with a lot of money, and became the originator and master of various types of diesel engine research.

Xue Guangsen was born in Longjiang, Shunde in the fourth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1865). At the age of 17, he went to Hong Kong to work in a shipyard and learned excellent mechanical skills.Taking advantage of the opportunity to overhaul the machinery of the British oil tanker "Qinglong" moored in the Pearl River, Xue managed to completely disassemble the diesel engine on board, drew drawings, and measured data. After repeated trials and improvements, he successfully developed China's first domestically produced Diesel engines were put into mass production soon, which aroused the surprise of foreign industrialists.

Under the leadership of Xue Guangsen, the Fengtian No. 40 Diesel Engine Factory was successfully established. Soon, a batch of [-]-horsepower tractor heads were successfully shipped out of the factory. After testing, they ran stably and had excellent performance.It made a great contribution to the mass production of tractors.

There are two types of tractors: wheeled and tracked.The earliest tractors used iron wheels, which were not only heavy and easy to get stuck in, but also often crushed the roots of plants.In the development of wheeled tractors, people originally widened the steel wheels to increase the ground area and reduce the pressure, but the effect was not good. Later, they came up with a method of adding a layer of rubber protection to the steel wheels. After the birth of automobile tires, people successively used solid and pneumatic tires for tractors.But car tires are not completely suitable for tractors. One is that the grooves of car tires are too shallow.The second is that people find that tractors have better running performance on soft ground when the tires are not sufficiently inflated than when the tires are fully inflated.

This problem has plagued the industry for many years, and it was Zhang Hanqing who "first proposed" the use of a large-size high-pattern low-pressure pneumatic rubber tire-it was not produced until 1932 by Philsdang Tire and Rubber Company in the United States. .It was later evaluated that it greatly improved the driving and traction performance of wheeled tractors, and it can be regarded as the first tire that is truly suitable for agricultural tractors.

Because tires cannot be manufactured by the Northeast’s current industrial capacity, the French company Michelin (now translated as Michelin), who invented the detachable pneumatic rubber tire, built Fengtian’s first tire with its automobile tire technology under the heavy funding of the Northeast Autonomous Government. The factory specializes in the production of Gaohua spinning low-pressure pneumatic rubber tires proposed by Zhang Hanqing, as a supporting factory for tractor tires.

After the Michelin company of Andre amp; #8226; Michelin and Edward amp; the whole world.In the past, tire blowout accidents that could only be handled by professional repairmen can now be repaired by ordinary people within a quarter of an hour.However, at that time, rubber tires specially made for tractors were still being explored, and no company or individual in the world dared to practice this unknown theory at a huge cost.However, Zhang Hanqing expressed with full confidence that such tires can provide a suitable support for the development of tractors, and promised to immediately invest no less than 8226 million yuan in the initial stage-you must know every penny of the self-government at this time It was hard-won, and 1892 million yuan was not a small number in France at the time. With love for new technologies, Edward & #500; Michelin personally guided the construction of the Fengtian No. 500 Tire Factory and successfully created The first batch of such tires was named "Han" brand by Zhang Hanqing himself.First, it emphasizes the first great invention of the Chinese in the industrial society. Second, it may be derived from Zhang Hanqing's "Han" character. Of course, this is only a guess when later generations study the history of this era.

As early as the 19s, shortly after the birth of the steam car, some people imagined that the wheels of the car would be equipped with "tracks" made of wood and rubber, so that the heavy steam car could walk on the soft ground, but the early track performance and use effect Not good, until 30 when Lombard of the United States was developing forestry traction vehicles, he invented the first track with better practical effect. Three years later, California engineer Holt applied Lombard's invention to design and manufacture the "1901" steam tractor.This is the world's first crawler tractor. On November 3, 7, the tractor underwent its first trials and was later put into series production. In 1904, the tractor manufacturing company founded by Holt produced the world's first crawler tractor powered by a gasoline internal combustion engine. This tractor began mass production the following year and was the most successful tractor at that time. The prototype car that was referred to when the world's first tank.

Considering the terrain of Northeast China, both crawler and wheeled tractors have been fully developed.This is because tractors can replace livestock and become the main driving force of the farm except during busy farming hours, and can be used as an important substitute for private mechanized transportation in normal times.

The successful use of tractors has made Northeast China the first region where agriculture is moving towards mechanization. With it, the progress of Northeast pioneering has become faster and faster, and it has also made possible the construction of "Northern Great Wilderness" a few years later. As a part of industrial development, China's tractor industry did not lag behind foreigners for the first time.Compared with foreign countries, it was not until the end of the 40s that large-scale use was carried out in North America, Western Europe and Australia; since then, tractors have been promoted and used in Eastern Europe, Asia, South America and Africa, and Northeast China has been paid attention to 20 years earlier. It cannot but be said that it is a revolution of no small scale.

Not only the manufacture of tractors, but also the related technology of tires, engines, gears, bearings, rubber, etc. have also been improved accordingly. These have laid a solid foundation for the industrialization of Northeast China, and its long-term benefits are obvious.

Even in a short period of time, it has also increased the grain production in Northeast China year by year, effectively guaranteeing the funds needed for industrialization.At the beginning of 1919, the fiscal surplus of the Fengtian government reached 1 million (silver) dollars, achieving an unprecedented good year.