Thick black school

Chapter 29 Discussion on Social Issues (5)
Once we have organized the bank, we can proceed to buy land throughout the country.According to Sun Yat-sen's method, it is to order the landlord to report the land price to the government. When we buy it, I am afraid that the land price quoted by the landlord may result in the disadvantage of reporting too much land. It is quite convenient to use the tender bidding method to determine the rent, and then transfer the land price according to the amount of the rent.For example: A is in the countryside and has several acres of land. The government bids for the land. Assuming the bidding results, the annual rent is 720 yuan. Calculated at 1% monthly interest, the land price is 1 yuan, and the bank receives a certain amount of land. A has a deposit of 60 yuan and pays interest of [-] yuan a month. If he wants to use cash, he can pay it in banknotes.The rent interest of the public income is equal to the interest paid by the bank. It is as if the public manages the property for the private. The public is not profitable, but after the public buys it, it can use a large-scale organization to improve the land. The annual increase in profits, It's all yours.

At the time of bidding, the price quoted by the landlord is used as the standard. Assuming that the land price quoted by A is 1 yuan, and the bidding result shows that the maximum rental interest is 720 yuan, we believe that the price quoted by the landlord is certain, that is, by The bank receives A deposit of 1 yuan.If the bidding result is calculated based on the rent interest, it should be 1000 yuan. Because the original price quoted by him is 1 yuan, the bank can only collect 1 yuan from A. If it is calculated based on the rent interest, it should only be 9000 yuan. It is determined that A intends to deceive the government, and he is fined 1000 yuan, and the bank only accepts his 8000 yuan deposit account.We have worked out this method, and the landlord must be very cautious when reporting the land price, and he will never dare to report more with less.

The author advocates: "All land in the country should be purchased by the government at a price, and private possession is not allowed."Talking to a friend, the friend said: "How can China have such a huge sum of money to buy?" I told him the method of organizing banks and centralizing the country's money. Rebuttal me: Sun Yat-sen's methods are "taxation according to the price" and "buying according to the price". You only use the one of "buying according to the price" and eliminate the one of "taxation according to the price". The complete deprivation of ownership is inconsistent with Sun Yat-sen's doctrine; Sun Yat-sen has never mentioned the law of bidding and competing for tenants, and it will inevitably conflict with his method when it is implemented. "I said: 'What I said is not inconsistent with Sun Yat-sen's doctrine, and the method does not conflict. Sun Yat-sen's method is'The landlord will report the land price, and the government will levy taxes according to the price. The benefits of future land price increases will all belong to the public. If the public wants to Buy it, and give it to the landlord according to the original quoted price.” According to his method, when the landlord makes an offer, the ownership has already been transferred to the public, so the benefits that will increase in the future will all belong to the public, and when the purchase is made, only the original price will be paid. If the ownership of the landlord has not disappeared, the increased benefits should belong to the landlord. When the government buys it, the price should be negotiated separately. Therefore, we know that "taxing according to the price" and "buying according to the price" are only one way, not There are two ways. Sun Yat-sen originally wanted to buy all the land in the country and return it to the public at the price. Because there was no such huge sum of money, he came up with a way to levy taxes according to the price. Then pay the price when we have the money, as long as we have the money, why not pay the price earlier?"

Land is a public property and should be owned by the public. Money is the exchange of private brainpower and physical strength and should be returned to private individuals.Sun Yat-sen's people's livelihood doctrine, I can make a common rule for him: "Money can be privately owned, but land cannot be privately owned." For this reason, he stipulated that money should be given to landlords and the land should be taken into public ownership. Therefore, I advocate that all land in the country should be privately owned. Buying by the public at a price does not violate Sun Yat-sen's doctrine.As for the method of bidding for tenants I mentioned, it is a supplementary method when buying according to the price, and it is a kind of test for the price quoted by the landlord. It does not conflict with Sun Yat-sen's method at all.

Among the social problems, the most difficult to solve is the land problem. As long as we solve the land problem, the rest can be solved easily. It is very easy to buy factories, ships and railways, etc. I advocate solving social problems. The method can be summed up in several words: "The productive forces of the earth and the productive forces of machines are completely owned by the public; brain power and physical power are completely privately owned; industries that use machines are privately owned; industries that use machines are privately owned; large businesses are owned by the public; small businesses are privately owned; Half of the interest goes to the public, and the other half goes to private interests." In this way, individualism and socialism are reconciled, which is in line with the spirit of Sun Yat-sen's people's livelihood.

Since we recognize that mental and physical strength are the private property of individuals, those who serve the society should pay a considerable price, and their mental and physical strength should not be regarded as social public property and confiscated arbitrarily.Everyone has different aptitudes and talents, so they should be allowed to choose their careers freely, and each should choose his own career according to his nature. Those who want to farm should inherit the land from the public; those who want to work should look for jobs in factories. The same is true for officials, teachers, and other occupations. Due to the different types of labor, the remuneration is also different.On the surface, it seems unequal, but in fact it is not. This principle is the same as that of civil rights.Sun Yat-sen said: "Everything in nature is flat except for the surface of water. Everyone has different ingenuity and talent, so the results of creation are of course different. Since they are different, they are naturally not equal. If they are suppressed In the future, all must be equal, and the world will not progress, and mankind will degenerate." Therefore, the equality of civil rights advocated by Sun Yat-sen means that everyone has an equal political foothold, and it does not mean that they are pushed down from above and become flat-headed equality.Therefore, the economic equality we advocate is not to put the equality line on the flat head, so that the rich and the poor are equal in the country, but to put the equality line on the foothold, so that everyone has equal opportunities to become rich, whether poor or rich, purely depends on each person Work hard or not.

With regard to commercial issues, I think that if all the necessities of daily life are managed by the state, it will be too complicated. Therefore, I advocate that large businesses should be owned by the public and small businesses should be owned by private individuals.But the size limit and how to divide it is very difficult to study.I propose that at the beginning of implementation, international trade should be classified as public and domestic trade should be classified as private.The state purchases a large number of goods from foreign countries and sells them to the people. If the people have goods and want to sell them to foreign countries, the state undertakes the purchase and resells them to foreign countries.Our country has been closed for thousands of years and has not produced any big capitalists. It can be seen that domestic trade is not the main cause of the capital system, so domestic trade can be freely operated by the people.We have managed international trade to the public, and then look at the domestic situation, and we can further stipulate that certain domestic businesses should also be operated by the state, and private individuals are not allowed to operate.With regard to machines, it is also possible to stipulate that certain machines should not be used by private individuals.This kind of method must be implemented at the time of implementation, taking into account the current situation, and cannot be scheduled one by one at this time.We do not allow private individuals to purchase land, use machinery, set up banks, or engage in international trade. Sun Yat-sen's so-called restraint of private capital is achieved.

According to the above-mentioned method, after the state takes the land, machinery, banks and international trade into public ownership, the annual income of the state is of course very large, and it is necessary to expand industrial education and increase the interests of the people as much as possible.But the country is extremely developed, what is the use of the surplus money every year?I also think there is a way. Sun Yat-sen has repeatedly spoken to people, he wants to turn China into a big company, and [-] million people are shareholders, and he said: "Everyone in this company can share dividends. We will not be afraid of being poor." We will take land, machinery, banks and international trade into public ownership, and then [-] million people will become landlords, factory owners, shareholders of banks and international trade, and the big company that Sun Yat-sen dreamed of will appear. up.This big company is based on each body as one share. When a person is born in junior high school, one share will be added, and if one person dies, one share will be cancelled. The shareholding is very clear.We can imitate the company's dividend distribution method. In addition to various expenditures, the government distributes all the remaining funds on average according to the population of the country as living expenses. To the maximum extent, to be able to maintain life.

With this method, many disputes can be avoided in society: (1) China’s so-called baby care and welfare bureaus (1í) poverty relief bureaus can be abolished, and foreign so-called unemployment relief laws, teachers’ and workers’ pensions, etc. can all be abolished (2) Nowadays, many talented people who are rich in philosophy, literature, science, etc. are often forced by hunger and cold to concurrently engage in other businesses, or change to other businesses, and the country suffers invisible losses. Worrying, then everyone can concentrate on further studies according to the closeness of their nature, and improve the civilization of society a lot. (3) An old saying goes: when food and clothing are sufficient, propriety and righteousness flourish.Another cloud: Hunger and cold steal the heart.With the method of paying living expenses, the morality of the people can be improved.

Someone asked me: Everyone has something to eat, so who else is willing to work?Who else is willing to work hard?How can society evolve?I said: If everyone has food to eat, maybe they will be less hard-working. If human beings don’t work hard, society will not evolve, but I don’t think so.I would like to ask people like Newton and Darwin, is their purpose to study knowledge because they want to eat?Don't they know how to study knowledge when they have food to eat?I am afraid that it is precisely because they have food that they can concentrate on research and have this unprecedented great invention.

Sun Yat-sen divided the living standards into three levels: the first level is needs, if you have clothes to wear, you will not die of cold, and if you have food, you will not starve to death; the second level is comfort. The third level is extravagance, wearing light silk silk, sea tiger mink, eating delicacies of mountains and seas, shark's fin and bird's nest.The payment of living allowances I am talking about only reaches the first level, and the second and third levels are for those who work hard.

Everyone has the desire to work hard, and anyone who knows a little bit about hard work will never stop moving forward just because he can satisfy his desire by avoiding cold and hunger.In all fairness, human nature is different. Some people don’t work because their living problems are solved, but there are also people who have enough food and clothing and are still diligent. If the state pays living expenses, no one will work, and this level can be ignored. .If this happens at the time of implementation, and we pay less money, so that what they get is not enough to maintain their lives, there will be no one to work for.Whether to work or not is to listen to people's freedom, but workers are given preferential treatment and limited remuneration, which makes people envious and forced to work, so those who work and those who do not work can get what they want, and the society will live in peace. .

Someone asked me: What kind of qualifications do the people of the whole country have, and have the right to receive living expenses?Why is the government obliged to provide living allowances?I said that there are two reasons for this: (1) The earth is a public property of mankind, and those who use the land pay rent to the public, and this rent is the average share of the human beings; (2) Inventors invent machines for mankind. Yes, the benefits generated by machines should be equally shared by humans.Based on these two reasons, the people have the right to receive living allowances; the government is the organ in charge of land and factories throughout the country, so it has the obligation to pay living allowances.Sun Yat-sen once said about basic necessities of food, clothing, housing, and transportation: "The state must shoulder this responsibility. If the state does not supply these four needs enough, anyone can ask the state for it." It can be seen that the state has the obligation to ensure the survival of the people. Has the right to claim existence from the state.I advocate the distribution of living expenses, which means that the state assumes the responsibility of people's food and clothing to ensure the people's survival.This approach is very compatible with the principle of people's livelihood.

The solution I propose to solve social problems is to adopt a corporate organization, which has already been explained.My method of distributing resources is derived from two places in nature:

One is to follow the method of distributing blood in the body.The more a certain part of the body works, the more blood will be perfused. In addition to making up for the consumption, there will be surplus. Therefore, the part of the body that works more will develop more. This is the way the body rewards labor.Therefore, we should pay favorably to laborers.There are still some useless parts in our body, for example, a man's breast, which is useless, but since it has been born in our body, it cannot but be given blood, but the man's breast does not work, and the perfusion of blood is very little , so the man's breast gradually shrinks.We should not pay too much for living expenses, so that those who do not work will gradually shrink like a man's breast, which is in line with natural justice.

The second is to follow the method of the sky to distribute rain and dew.Nature uses sunlight to bask rivers, seas, ponds, land and vegetation, take out its water vapor, turn it into rain and dew, and sprinkle it evenly on the ground. All scattered.The most wonderful thing is to evaporate the water contained in the vegetation and return it to it. Once it is transferred, it will grow vigorously, and the dead branches and dead wood will also be scattered. It enjoys the right of rain and dew.The water sprinkled on the ground is allowed to be absorbed by the roots of plants and trees without any restrictions. The more they absorb, the less they absorb.The rent and interest of public income, and the net profits of the husband's bank and industry and commerce, were originally drawn from the people. Except for public expenditure, they were distributed equally regardless of rich or poor. The opportunity to become rich was equal to everyone. The selflessness of rain and dew.

Sun Yat-sen divided the living standards into three levels: (1) needs, that is, survival; (2) comfort; (3) luxury.The current economic organization is based on the word "death", and then seeks survival, and then seeks comfort and luxury. Because the foothold is the word "death", when unfortunate things happen, some will die of cold or starvation. The author advocates that living allowances should be based on survival, and then seek comfort and luxury. According to Sun Yat-sen's people's livelihood, survival is the focus of social issues. If the state can distribute living allowances every year so that everyone can survive, this will be Even if the center of gravity is stable, and the center of gravity is stable, the society will naturally be quiet. The author earnestly said that the payment of living expenses is the meaning of this.

The method proposed in this chapter is to nationalize land, machinery, banks, and international trade, so that those who own money, no matter how hard they try, will never become a steel magnate, kerosene magnate, bank magnate, automobile magnate, or business magnate. The status of everyone is paid by the government every year for living expenses, so no matter how unfortunate the laborers are, they will never be in danger of freezing or starving. Such a method lowers the status of the rich and raises the status of the poor. At the first level, the difference between rich and poor will not be too far.People who hate the capital system now try to find ways to suppress those who have money. After we implement this economic system, we will lower one level from the top and raise one level from the bottom. In the middle of the two levels, we can Let people develop without restriction, not only undue restriction, but also try our best to promote it, so that society can progress.I advocate the nationalization of international trade, leave domestic trade as room for people's activities, and advocate that people's deposits in banks should be paid interest, all for the sake of advocating the people's efforts.Some people say: This method still inevitably leads to inequality between the rich and the poor.I said: Only when it is uneven can the people work hard and the world can evolve. Just like water tends to flow into the sea, only if the terrain is uneven can it rush forward. If it is flat but not flowing, it will become stagnant water.If water does not flow, it will rot. If human beings do not work hard, the world will degenerate. The reason is the same.The most peaceful thing in the world is nothing more than water. Therefore, water is the criterion for measuring whether things are level or not.The principle of our taking water to transform society is in line with the natural law.

The government distributes living expenses every year. The procedures are cumbersome and should be handled separately by each city and village. Each city and each village should set up a household registration office to conduct a clear population survey and determine a person’s place of origin and affiliation. The living expenses are forwarded by the household registration office of the place of origin, that is, there is no error.When a person dies in a certain place, the household registration office of that place finds out where the deceased was from, and then notifies the investigation office of his original place to stop his living expenses.When traveling abroad and giving birth to a child, report to the investigation office at that place for registration, and the future living expenses will be accepted from the investigation office.People are moving things, and they move around erratically. When investigating and paying living expenses, pay attention to the two points of life and death, so as to prevent fraud.

We have stipulated that those who have money should deposit in the bank, and those who need money should borrow from the bank, so all cities and villages must set up banks all over the place, so that people can withdraw their deposits conveniently.In terms of political organization, all villages are combined to form a county, all counties are combined to form a province, and all provinces are combined to form a country.In terms of economy, it should be corresponding. The capital shall have a central bank, each province shall have a provincial bank, each county shall have a county bank, each village shall have a village bank, each village bank shall be affiliated with the county bank, and each county bank shall be affiliated with the provincial bank. The provincial banks are subordinate to the Central Bank.Money is the blood of the people, so the distribution of banks should be like veins, making them into a network, so that they can flow unimpeded.A private person who borrows from a bank must have a guarantor, and the guarantor must have sufficient deposits in the bank as a guarantee, otherwise the living expenses due to the borrower or guarantor shall be used as collateral.Banks and household registration offices are closely related, and it is advisable to set up one place together.

In implementing the methods mentioned in this chapter, it should be considered that land, machinery, banks, and international trade are concentrated in the hands of the state. All the money of the people of the country belongs to the bank, and the government has to distribute living expenses every year. If people in the authorities cheat, the people will suffer a lot.If the method of preventing fraud has not been thought out yet, and it is presumptuous to proceed with reforms and take land, factories, etc. into public ownership, it would be better not to reform and not to take them into public ownership.Therefore, if we want to reform the economic system, we must start with the reform of political personnel, first reform the political system, and think of ways to prevent corruption, and only then can we talk about reforming the economic system.As long as the four powers of election, recall, creation, and referendum mentioned by Sun Yat-sen can be fully realized in the political aspect, no matter what kind of disadvantages in the economic aspect can be prevented.The solutions to social problems mentioned in this chapter are all predetermined plans and cannot be implemented immediately. Our first priority now is to try our best to implement these four powers. After the people can fully exercise these four powers, we will reform the economic system. Then there is no fraud.

(End of this chapter)