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Chapter 38 The Ideal Country Conceived by Utopian Socialists
Chapter 37 The ideal country conceived by utopian socialists: "Sun City"

"Sun City", like "Utopia", is a utopian socialist document.In Sun City, the filth of an exploitative society is

It has been swept away, and it is a completely new relationship between people.They are united and friendly, care for each other, and help each other.everything

People of the same age call each other brothers, call the person 22 years older than their father, and call the person 22 years younger than their son.Everyone loves the commune
, they pay attention to the life of the collective first, and then to the life of the individual.This is the brand-new society in the book.

Writing Books in Prison and Dreaming about Society

Tommaso Campanella (1568-1639) was one of the founders of early utopian socialism, a famous Italian thinker and
patriot. In 1591, Campanella published "The Evidence of Sensibility"

The Philosophy of Ming, criticizing scholastic philosophy, puts forward the view that nature must be explained according to sensory experience.While in the monastery, he

still seriously

He thoroughly studied Plato's "Utopia" and More's "Utopia". The two thinkers' thoughts on public ownership aroused him.
strong resonance.Campanella spent 1599 years in prison from 26 due to his participation in the struggle against Spanish rule in Italy.
Years of prison life, suffered brutal torture. The book "Sun City" was written during this period.

Portraying Sun City's attack on private ownership

"The City of the Sun" is written in the form of a dialogue, narrating a Genoese navigator and a pilgrim hostel administrator

talk.When this navigator traveled around the world, he was forced to land on an island near the equator, the "Sun City".

In Sun City, people's social system and way of life are fundamentally different from those in Italy and other European countries. There is no private ownership here.
control, without exploitation and oppression, people live a happy life. The central idea expressed in "Sun City" is:

The resistance of the owned society, and the passionate yearning for the public owned society.

Although "Sun City" is not a part of the criticism of the private ownership society, it runs through the author's negation
The idea of ​​private ownership even shows the author's profound and unique insights in many aspects.He pointed out that the existing society is extremely unequal

, The sinful world where the rich and the poor are seriously opposed.The poor working people are forced to work too much for life, so that they damage their bodies and shorten their lives.

Life is extremely miserable; while those rich and famous spend their days idle, extravagant and promiscuous, corrupting society.

The author believes that private ownership and egoism are the root of all evil.Private property begets egoism, sophistry, hypocrisy, and cruelty
The three evils of behavior.

Based on this, he pointed out that in order to eliminate all social ills, it is necessary to change the relationship between people, abolish private ownership, eliminate
People's concept of private ownership, while establishing public ownership, everything should be public, and there should be no division of each other.

"Sun City" regards family and marriage relationship as the source of private ownership and egoism.He said that the reason why private ownership can
Formed and preserved, each possesses house, wife, and children.That's where selfishness comes from.looking at him
In the end, the evils of society have come down to ignorance: selfishness is the root of the chief evil, and it is
Ignorance as rich food.It can be seen from this that Campanella is a rationalist
Starting from the principle of righteousness, he explained the origin of private ownership and egoism according to the idealist view of history, so his criticism only focused on Taoism.
German, not economic.

"City of the Sun" ruthlessly satirizes Italy's political society ruled by villains.Campanella pointed out that in Italy should be affected

The vast number of laborers who are respected suffer, are not valued by people and valued, and are ruled by wicked people.

In "Sun City", Campanella is convinced that as long as private ownership is eliminated and the opposition between rich and poor is eliminated, all vices will follow.
At that time, everyone will be liberated to create and build.

The Sun City conceived by Campanella is located on a vast island with a plain near the equator, and the whole city is surrounded by a solid wall.
Prevent the enemy from invading.In the whole city stands majestic and majestic palaces, gorgeous and majestic churches, resplendent towers, a
Everything is majestic and majestic.The residents of Sun City are rarely ugly, and everyone is well-proportioned, fit, and full of vigor.He constructed

The ideal society of Sun City is established following the orders of natural wisdom and governed by innate reason.he portrayed
This country is not a national system provided by God. He believes that the social system of Sun City is the most in line with human nature and human beings.

rationally required.The national governance and civic life in Sun City are arranged according to the requirements of this innate reason.according to

In accordance with the requirements of innate reason, Sun City established a huge commune.The Sun City Commune completely abolished private property and implemented
Public ownership means that all wealth, from land and houses to daily necessities, is public property.Planned unified group by the commune

Weaving production and distribution.There is no class distinction in Sun City, and the fundamental antagonism between rich and poor has been eradicated.Under their communal system,

The people of Sun City are rich and poor at the same time; they are all rich because they have everything; they are all poor
, again because everyone has no private property.

Sun City is mainly engaged in handicraft industry, agriculture and animal husbandry.Under the unified organization of the commune, set up an operation team with one team leader.
It is assumed by a person with rich production experience and excellent production skills, and everyone consciously obeys his command.

Suncity regards labor as an obligation that everyone must fulfill.And each person works four hours a day, can produce abundant
rich products to meet the needs of all members of society, and the rest of the time is spent on scientific research, entertainment and sports activities.too
Yangcheng Commune allocates different labor according to the physical condition and age of each person.

In Sun City, no
Only everyone must participate in labor, and labor has become a glorious and respected career. The idea of ​​"labor is glorious" is

is presented here.

Sun City Residence implements distribution according to "needs", and everyone receives daily necessities from the commune according to needs.Residential housing is replaced every six months
Second-rate.All the residents eat in the public canteen. They pay great attention to the diet conforming to the medical requirements, and the recipes are arranged by the doctors.

Due to the richness of products, the consumption level of Sun City residents is very high.

Replace on time.Sun City Commune implements the principle of common distribution of social consumer goods on the basis of common labor, which is the same as exploiting social
The unreasonable situation of getting something for nothing, getting something for nothing, or getting little in the society forms a sharp contrast, showing the inadequacy of the public ownership society.
Incomparably superior.

Like Utopian society, commodity exchange and currency circulation do not exist in Sun City.Sun City produces currency only for diplomatic missions abroad
, scouting personnel and purchasing foreign goods.The residents of Sun City despise the role of gold and silver, although they are not like Utopian people
Gold and silver are used in that way for urinals, but only for utensils or various public decorations.

Sun City is called the Republic.The leadership of Sun City promotes democratic principles and "meritocracy".The supreme leader of Sun City is called
"The Sun" is the most sensible philosopher, and people under the age of 35 cannot hold this position.

The supreme head of the government and the highest priest of the religion.There must be three leaders under the "Sun": "Might" and "Wisdom"

and "love". "Power" is in charge of military affairs, "wisdom" is in charge of arts, handicrafts and various scientific departments, and "love" is in charge of agriculture.
agriculture, animal husbandry, material distribution, reproduction and education.In addition to being proficient in the scientific knowledge of the departments they are in charge of, these three leaders

To be proficient in other sciences, they must also be philosophers, historians, politicians or physicists.Sun City Establishment Policy

A meeting of all responsible persons of the government, attended by "The Sun" and 3 main leaders and their respective 3 assistants, a total of 13 people

, to discuss and decide major affairs of the country.It is actually the central government of the Sun City Republic.The 4 leaders of the government"

"Sun", "Power", "Wisdom" and "Love" held daily meetings to handle the daily work of the government. Sun City also set up

Citizens' "big meeting" is held twice a month. All citizens over the age of 20 are present; every citizen has the right to criticize the government responsible
responsible person's work.The heads of government are elected by the citizens and replaced by the people, with the exception of the four main leaders.

They themselves resign only when there are citizens who are intellectually, morally, etc. superior to them, but this is rarely the case

.

Sun City also has laws, and the laws of Sun City also embody the spirit of democracy and concern for people's interests.The laws of Sun City are only

There are few simple and clear provisions, engraved on copper plates and hung on the pillars of the temple, which people can understand at a glance.sun city no
Prisons and executioners, only one tower for imprisoning rebellious enemies.Sun City implements laws aimed at making criminals repent
Live a new life and start a new life.Therefore, all criminals who must be punished will be sentenced, and adultery will never be condoned.For active tanks
Criminals who make mistakes should be given a reduced punishment.

Sun City attaches great importance to the social education of children and residents, and advocates the combination of education and productive labor to eliminate physical and mental labor.
This is a basic feature of his utopian socialist thought.

Sun City attaches great importance to consolidating national defense and defending the territory from encroachment by surrounding enemies, which is a major task of the Sun City country.kampa

Nella proposed to uphold just wars and oppose unjust wars of aggression

the idea of ​​fighting.

ideal society labor glory

The outstanding contribution of the book "Sun City" is that he proposed for the first time in the history of socialist thought that there is no distinction between high and low labor.
, The thought of labor glory.He is full of confidence in the Sun City system, and believes that one day the whole world will follow the rules of the Sun City people.
The way to live, this idea is also valuable.However, the Sun City described by Campanella still practiced the system of public wives and
Retaining religious superstition, this is where the dregs of his thinking lie.At the same time, due to the constraints of the times, he, like Moore, is concerned about the future
The ideal society is limited to the description of the utopia, and there is no way to realize the ideal society.But the Reform Society proposed by Campanella

He is worthy of being one of the great pioneers of socialism and one of the founders of utopian socialism.
one.The philosophical thought described by Campanella in "City of the Sun" is a theoretical basis for his ideal social system of City of the Sun.

Argumentative.Although Campanella's philosophical thought is still wrapped in a religious cloak, his view of nature is basically materialistic.
His religious views are pantheistic.

Due to the limitations of the author, the book also contains strong Christian mysticism and astrology
technical thinking.The residents of Sun City he described believe in God, religion and astrology, and their production and life run through many myths.
Letter astrological activities.This is clearly a negative, backward aspect of Campanella's worldview.

(End of this chapter)