Qing Dynasty Secret History

Chapter 123 Promulgating the Ming Dynasty, the Holy Monarch, the Constitutional Government, the Official System
It is said that this angry Han minister is Sun Jiading and Sun Lao Zhongtang.At that moment, Sun Jiading said: "Don't tell me I'm a foreign teacher. I've also done a little research on constitutionalism. The laws of a constitutional state are completely different from those of a monarchy. So the difference is not in appearance, but in purpose. Once the purpose changes, all the ways of employing people and administration will change endlessly.

For example, when the center of gravity moves, all the particles will change direction.This kind of big change, when the national power is strong, there is still a worry of turmoil. Now that the national power is so weak, in my opinion, it has become too hasty and too sudden, and I am afraid that it will gradually become chaotic. It is not too late to wait until the political system is clear and change gradually. "

Xu Shichang stood up and said: "Sun Zhongtang, the method of gradual change has been practiced for many years, and it has not been effective at all, because the concept of the people has not changed, and his spirit has not changed. Only major changes can initiate the national spirit. Woolen cloth."

Sun Jiading said: "According to what my brother said, it must be at the level of the people, and they are gradually reaching the level before they can do this. Only at this time, the people who can really know the benefits of constitutionalism are only one of thousands of people; as for people who can know the benefits of constitutionalism." The reason for this, and the one who knows how to do it, is probably only one person in ten thousand. Even though the higher authorities promulgate the constitution, the common people don’t know about it. It’s not only useless, but rather severe, it’s better to be cautious. .

Before Xu Shichang could answer, another person stood up among the ministers of the Han Dynasty. When everyone looked at it, it was Zhang Baixi, the Minister of Management, and Zhang Shangshu. Zhang Shangshu said: "Sun Zhongtang's words are true!"But the level of citizenship depends entirely on the persuasion of the people above.The people at the top now have no way to improve their level, but they say that they will wait until the level of the people is high before enacting a constitution. This is never necessary.According to my personal opinion, instead of waiting for him to have a higher level of constitutionalization, it is better to prepare for constitutionalization first, and then slowly induce the people to get a much better level than the constitutional ones! "

Another man stood up among the ministers, Rong Shangshu Rongqing, who made a dissenting comment: "I am not ignorant of the beauty of a constitutional government, but our country's political system is large and gradually becoming turbulent. For the current system, it is extremely necessary to rectify it." Ji Gang, comprehensively verifying the name and reality, establishing the rules of staying in the middle and governing the outside, and establishing the system of maintaining the upper and lower. After several years of practice, the officials know how to follow the law, and the people call it convenient. Then it is not too late to discuss a constitution. If you don’t check the middle The difference in power in foreign countries is due to the good name of constitutionalism, which will inevitably lead to the powerlessness of the rulers. The group of treacherous beetles have to live in it, and the days and months will grow. Please think carefully."

Qu Hongji said: "But that's the case, so everyone said that the constitution is ready, not that the constitution should be established immediately. Rong Shangshu can rest assured."

Shangshu Tieliang said: "I heard that the constitutions of various countries are only successful when the people demand them. Those who demand something are even riots. Although Japan has not yet rioted, the demands are also very important. The people can demand it. Know the goodness of making a constitution, and know how to share responsibilities for the country. Now, without the request of the people, you have to give them authority first, and those people are ignorant and suffer from sharing responsibilities, so what will happen?"

When everyone heard this, they were silent.

Yuan Shikai, the governor of Zhili, couldn't stand it anymore, and immediately stood up and said: "How often do things happen in the world? In the past, European people were under pressure and had patriotism, so they wanted rights out of riots. Our country Otherwise, the imperial court not only advocates generosity, but also has no external force. The people are in a state of ignorance, and they never know that they have the obligation to serve as soldiers and pay taxes. Therefore, constitutions in various countries empower the people because of their knowledge; Because of the power, we know that there are obligations to be fulfilled. The right and wrong of things are different, and the method of preparation is also different. It is our great responsibility to make the people's knowledge gradually open and not to lose sight of the direction.

This is what we all should encourage. "

Tie Liangdao: "According to this, after the constitution is prepared, the cabinet should be set up, the official system should be determined, the licensing rights should be clarified, and various agencies should be sorted out. And we must use our best to develop the knowledge of the people, improve and general education, and send people to various places to give speeches, so that It would be good if the knowledge of the gentlemen, businessmen and people everywhere is on par!"

Yuan Gongdao: "Is that the case?

Once the political system that has existed for thousands of years wants to change its appearance, all kinds of problems will inevitably be linked together.For example, an old house, when there is no time to revise it, if it is allowed to sway, it seems that it can still be supported; when it is discussed and repaired, once the demolition starts, the decayed beams and pillars, the destroyed powder walls, are found one after another, so that many Fee work.The same is true for the way of reforming the government.Now let's talk about the things we know, such as the handling of the provinces in the capital, the administration of Mongolia and Tibet, the unification of coins, the reform of taxation, and the suspension of water transportation. Before the establishment of the constitution, it was gradually completed, and it is really too busy to do it! "

Tie Liang said: "I still have a doubt. There are four classes of people who are being severely punished by the magistrates. They are evil gentry, evil tyrants, local tyrants, and litigators. Almost all the counties in Baizhou have been occupied by the same generation, and no one has risen to fight against them. Now, if we are going to establish a constitution, we must first emphasize self-government. If this group of people openly holds the lifeline of the local area, wouldn’t that be bad?”

Yuan Gongdao: "Why is this a problem? You just need to select more good officials and send them to the provinces to be local officials. They are dedicated to supporting good people. Let the honest and upright have their own aspirations; the treacherous and hidden have no way to use their skills." .This is the basis for local self-government.”

Qu Hongji said: "In this way, we should still put emphasis on the administration of officials as the most important thing. There is no difference between the old law and the new law."

Prince Jin Zaifeng said: "Everyone's high opinion is very reasonable.

In my opinion, since the matter of constitutionalism is so onerous, and whether the level of the people can reach it is difficult to determine, we have to allow more time to prepare for it.It's getting late, and after talking for a long time, it's time to leave.When we are summoned tomorrow, let's replay the idea of ​​preparing a constitution for the two palaces. What do you think? "

So the kings and ministers discussed for a while, and their opinions were generally the same.The next day, enter the court to play.On July [-]th, the imperial court issued a decree that was ready to be established. The speech said: I have honored Empress Dowager Chongxi's decree from Cixi Duanyou Kang Yizhaoyu Zhuang Chengshou. , Mo Lie Zhaochui, all profits and losses due to time, are written as trial codes.At present, the transportation and political laws and regulations of various countries all have the tendency to interact with each other, but our country's government regulations have remained unchanged for a long time, and we are in danger every day, and our worries are urgent.Unless we seek knowledge extensively and reform the legal system, there is no way to inherit the heart of the ancestors, and there is no way to comfort the ministers and the hope of peace.It was before that Tong sent ministers to various countries to investigate politics.Now Zai Ze and others have returned to the country and Chen Zuo, all of them think that the country is in a weak state. In fact, it is due to mutual discord between the top and bottom, internal and external barriers, officials do not know so they protect the people, and the people do not know so they protect the country.The reason why countries are rich and powerful is actually because of the implementation of the constitution, which is determined by public opinion.He is also a phase teacher of various countries, and he is flexible to the best of his ability, and the government is in harmony with the people. There is a reason for this.In today's world, only timely and detailed verification, imitating constitutional government, unifying power in the imperial court, public opinion in public affairs, in order to establish the foundation of the country's ten thousand years of righteousness.But at present, the regulations are not prepared, and the wisdom of the people has not yet been developed. If you do it earnestly and just pretend to be empty words, how can you show great trust to the people?Therefore, to clarify the accumulated disadvantages and clarify the responsibilities, we must start with the official system.It is urgent to discuss the official system separately first, then change it sequentially, and carefully formulate various laws.In addition, education was widely promoted, finances were cleaned up, military equipment was reorganized, and patrol police were generally deployed, so that the gentry and the people could clearly understand the state affairs, so as to prepare the foundation for constitutionalism.Focus on the revitalization of internal and external ministers and workers, and strive for results.After a few years, when the scale is rough, check the situation, refer to the laws of other countries, discuss the implementation period of the constitution, and then announce it to the world.Depending on the speed of progress, determine the distance of the deadline.The generals and governors of the provinces told the common people, etc., to learn from anger, to understand the righteousness of loyalty to the emperor and patriotism, and the principle of evolution in groups. Don't use personal opinions to harm the public welfare, and don't use small anger to defeat big plans.Respecting order, keeping peace, and preparing for the qualifications of a constitutional citizen have high hopes.Inform this notice.This!
After the promulgation of this edict, the people of the whole country cheered, feared, and ridiculed.The joy is that they are glad to be citizens of a constitutional country from now on; the fear is that the people are not as good as they are, and there will be more accidents in the future; the sarcasm is that the government will never do good things. There is no limit to the constitution, and it is a dead letter , is nothing more than a scam.Although the people are like this, the court regards this matter very seriously.

On the day after the edict was issued, Zaize, Duke of Zhen, Shixu, Natong, Rongqing, Beizi Zaizhen, Kuijun Tieliang, Zhang Baixi, Dai Hongci, Ge Baohua, Xu Shichang, Lu Runxiang, Shouqi, Zhili Yuan Shikai, the Governor-General, co-edited the official system of the Beijing Dynasty.In addition, Duanfang, Zhang Zhidong, Shengyun, Tieliang, Zhou Fu, and Cen Chunxuan, the governors of other provinces, sent officials to Beijing to attend the deliberations.They also sent Prince Qing Yiqiu, academicians Qu Hongji, Sun Jianai, and the General Director for approval.

The ministers of establishment received the order, that is, on the [-]th, the first meeting was held in the Summer Palace, and the measures were discussed.Therefore, in the Langrun Garden of Prince Gong's Mansion, a compilation hall was set up, with Governor Sun Baoqi and Jing Qing Yang Shiqi as the callers, Jin Bangping, Zhang Yimo, Cao Rulin, and Wang Rongbao as members of the drafting class, and Lu Zongyu, Deng Bangshu, and Xi Yan as reviewers Committee members, Wu Tingxie, Guo Zengxin, and Huang Duanzu are members of the examination course, and Zhou Shumo and Qian Nengxun are members of the examination course.In addition, Beijing Cao has to discuss, there are Changshun and Liu Yuanbi in the yamen of the official department; Li Jingye, Cheng Lichuan, Lin Jingxian, and Fu Lantai in the yamen of the household department; In the yamen, there are Wang Weihan and Qingfan; in the military training office, there are Ha Hanzhang, Liangbi, Wang Shizhen, and Zhu Pengshou; in the yamen of the Ministry of Punishment, there are Zeng Jian and Hu Tongen;

The ministers of various borders sent Jing Guangdian and Yu Mingzhen to Liangjiang; Chen Kuilin and Zeng Guangrong to Lianghu; Yu Shimei to Guangdong and Guangxi; Liu Xuelian and Xu Yue to Sichuan; and Xilin to Shaanxi and Gansu.

Before starting the compilation, the ministers of the establishment will first present the purpose of the official system. There are roughly five points: First, the determination of the official system this time is in preparation for the establishment of a constitution. Edited as follows.In addition, all departments that have little to do with judicial administration remain the same.Second, the establishment of the official system this time means that the general envoys have no corpses, and there are special departments for everything, so that each of them will be accountable and dedicated to his duties.Thirdly, it is very difficult to form a House of Representatives now. We should first decide on the administration and judiciary. We should adopt the constitutional monarchy system so as to unify the great power in the imperial court.Fourth, imperial envoys, cabinet ministers, and officials above Jingqing are special briefing officials, third- and fourth-rank personnel belonging to the cabinet ministry are serving as briefing officials; fifth-level and seventh-rank personnel of the cabinet ministry are serving as supplementary officials; The eighth and ninth grade personnel are appointed officials.Fifth, after the establishment of the official system, the original yamen personnel have been changed or become idle. It is planned to set up other courts in Beijing for the collection of talents and senior officials.

When the decree comes down, it will be raised in succession and compiled in detail.Upon receiving this order, the committee members of the drafting class immediately got busy and devoted themselves to writing carefully all day long.In a few days, the draft of the official system of the Beijing Dynasty has already been drafted and completed.It has been reviewed by the committee members of the evaluation class, and then assessed by the committee members of the examination class.The members of the Appraisal Division carefully reviewed and approved it before submitting it to the Minister of Compilation. After all the Ministers of Compilation signed their promises, they sent it to the Approval Office of the Headquarters to delete and modify the instrument.

The three sons, Prince Qing Yikuang, Qu Zhongtang Hongji, and Sun Zhongtang Jianai, the ministers of the general nuclear bureaucracy, did not dare to be negligent when they received the draft, and read it case by case with all their energy.Seeing the proposed official system, it is probably based on the original music of Duanfang and other original music, and it is considered.Headed by the cabinet, there is a prime minister and two deputy ministers.All ministers are cabinet ministers and political affairs counselors.There are five bureaus under it, namely, the patent making bureau, the Yongxun bureau, the compilation bureau, the statistics bureau, and the printing and casting bureau.The military officer examination office is attached to the Yongxun Bureau.Each ministry has a minister and a minister on the left and one minister on the left and right.Only the Ministry of Foreign Affairs still has a Minister of Management, and under it there are the Chengzheng Office, the Senate Office, and the Counselor, the Chief Doctor, the Qipin Xiaojing Official, and the Recorder.Depending on the complexity of the affairs of each ministry, the amount of quota shortage is the general rule of each ministry.All ministries other than the Ministry of Army and Navy and the Ministry of Officials use this method.The names of the ministries are in order, the first is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the second is the Ministry of Civil Affairs, which is reorganized from the Patrol Department, and the affairs in charge of the infantry commanding the yamen and the civil affairs in charge of the three departments of Huli Gong are merged; the second is the Ministry of Finance, The Finance Department of the Ministry of Households was reorganized; the Ministry of the Army was reorganized and reorganized from the Training Department of the Ministry of War and the Taipu Temple; the Ministry of the Navy was temporarily placed under the Ministry of War; The Ministry is currently in charge of the affairs of the trial office and merges people; the second is the Ministry of Education, which is still in the old system; the second is the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, which was merged with the Ministry of Commerce and Industry; the second is the Ministry of Communications; department.In addition, the Government Affairs Office was changed to Zizheng Yuan, the Ministry of Rites was changed to Ritual Yuan, Dali Temple was changed to Dali Yuan, and the Metropolitan Procuratorate remained in the old system.

There are also Jixian Yuan, Audit Yuan, Administrative Court, and Military Advisory Office, etc., a total of eleven departments, seven courts and one government.

After the three general nuclear ministers read it, they discussed with each other.Sun Jianai said: "The cabinet was originally an idle cao, but after such a change, the cold department has become redundant."

Qu Hongji said: "The vicissitudes of the world are changing, how often do they happen? When I entered the customs, although the official system was based on the old system of the Ming Dynasty, six departments were in charge of administration, and the secretary of the Bing Pavilion was drafted, and the promotion to a bachelor was a first-class degree, but the other When the chief cardinal participated in secret meetings, most of them were relatives and rich old friends. The government is in the hands of warriors. Although there are cabinet ministers, they are just successors. Chen Zhilin in Haining, Chen Mingxia in Liyang, and in order to gain power The party, the dead, the fleeing. Du Wenduan and Feng Wenyi, who are known as Shuofu's famous ministers, are all just relying on their relatives and nobles, and they will spend their whole lives with Shi Zhongshu. The safety of the world has nothing to do with him .When the Holy Patriarch ascended the throne at the age of Chong, at that time, the Manchu and the Han would learn a little bit from each other.

The change of San Francisco put the world in danger, Chao Cuo's schemes were launched internally, and Guo Li's successors were played externally, all came from the Han officials.For this reason, Han ministers gradually gained trust.The holy ancestor also paid attention to literature. The generations of Gaojiang Village and Li Kunshan all used Confucian officials and Hanyuan to keep secrets.Sejong's successor, after inheriting Lei Qia Chongxi, with the power of thunder and lightning, turned around, and the world was reformed, and he learned the views of Zhenyu.Man Han Caijie, and was appointed.Move the political handle of the cabinet to the military aircraft department.

E Wenduan, Zhang Wenhe and the two princes were directly connected to the Shufu.At that time, one person was lucky to be alone, not only the ministers of the Han Dynasty had no shortcomings, but also the relatives and nobles of Manchuria, who worked hard to save them.Planting the party and taking power is even more unimaginable.Gaozong Yuji, forced the two phases, and was ordered by Gu, Yi praised the Shuting.E Yi Confucian ministers ascended to Zaifu, determined to be loyal to the public.At that time, the peace was long, and the Manchu aristocratic clan gradually became boastful, and Prime Minister E deeply hated and envied him, so most of the quotations were Han people who were poor and unrefined.The unsuccessful Manchus and the Han people who boasted and had nothing to do, all tended to the gate of Tongcheng, and the imperial scholars were divided into two parties: Ezhang and Zhang.E Xiang died early, and the E party returned to the lost office. Mantle.During the Jiaqing and Daoguang dynasties, the ethos of Taige was that it was prudent not to do anything, and it was old-fashioned not to listen to a word.At the beginning of this dynasty, the pro-vassals were established, and they were not allowed to hear about political affairs. During the Yongzheng period, Prince Yixian assisted the government, which came from a special code, which is another matter.Jiaqing was in charge, and Prince Chengzhe was in charge of the minister of military affairs. It was for Renzong's sake to forgive the darkness, imitating the ancient system of the magistrate listening to the government.And when the big treacherous first barbarians, in order to calm people's hearts, they went out within a hundred days.Ever since Wen Zong abandoned the world and Mu Zongfang was attacking his youth, Prince Gong led the court as a king who discussed politics, and the political situation changed.Until now, it has not changed. "

Sun Jianai said: "Needless to say, this is all about employing people in administration, there are slight discrepancies, and the official system has not been greatly changed. The current situation is completely overthrowing the previous system."

Yikuang said: "Whether it's overturned or not overthrown, it's nothing important. I don't think the draft is very appropriate. Let's discuss it, how can we change it all at once!"

Both Qu and Sun said that what the prince saw was very true.Yikuang said: "In my opinion, why should the good Ministry of Rites be renamed the Ceremony Court? The addition of the Administrative Court and the Jixian Court is even more unreasonable. Even the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Communications are named inelegantly. You guys How is it?"

Qu Xiangdao: "This name is indeed too indecent."

So the public and colleagues discussed for a while, and changed the Ministry of Finance to the Du Branch, the Ministry of Communications to the Ministry of Posts and Communications, and the Ritual Institute to the Ministry of Rites, deleting the Administrative Judgment and Jixian.The next day, the title will be played, and his speech said: "The thieves and others read the edict on July [-]th. In today's world, only timely and detailed inspections, imitating constitutional government, and clarifying the accumulated disadvantages. It is clearly stipulated that the official system must be used for accountability. It should be urgently responded to." First, the official system will be negotiated separately, and the order will be changed.This is it.He also read the imperial edict on the [-]th, and there was a decree declared as an urgent preparation for the establishment of a constitution, ordering to first determine the official system.It is an important matter, and we must consider the past and the present, make a compromise, and learn everything.Author Zai Ze and other officials compiled it together, added details, and deeply admired my empress dowager and emperor's sincerity to make it more suitable for the people, and led the officials and ministers to praise it in unison, which is the key to China's transformation from weakness to strength.This is a big matter, and the ministers and others will report to Sheng Mo, and the general secretary will approve it.Over the past month or so, Zai Ze, the Minister of Approval for the Official System, has successively sent drafts. The ministers have carefully checked and reviewed them, and they have repeatedly discussed and confirmed them.

Piwei's reform of the official system this time is not only the basis for preparing for the establishment of a constitution, but also the essence of the official system being similar to constitutionalism.In a constitutional government system, the three powers of legislation, administration, and judiciary stand side by side, each with its own exclusive power, and complementing each other.Its meaning, beauty and law are good, so the so-called clarification of accumulated disadvantages in the imperial decree is clearly stipulated, and it is exhausted in two words.Gai today's accumulated malpractice is difficult to clear, in fact, due to the uncertainty of responsibilities, inferring the cause, there are three reasons: one is the indiscrimination of licensing rights.If an administrative officer has legislative power, he must use the name of administration to create unjust laws without cooperating with public opinion.As an administrative officer with judicial power, there must be a preference for love and dislike in ordinary times, and changes to certain laws are based on intentions.If a judicial officer has legislative power, he must have the convenience of hearing and judging, and if he makes a strict law, he will use martial arts wantonly, but the law loses its original meaning.Lifting the rights and lives of the people is intangible.This permission is not divided into responsibilities, which cannot be determined; one is that the duties are not clear.Politics is managed by division of duties, and planning is made by full-time duties.Today, there are six officials in one hall, which means that several people share one post, and half of them are redundant.If one person manages the various departments, it means that one person has several positions, and he must have expertise.If several people share one office, they will build a house and plan, and the disadvantages lie in the game.If one person counts the difference, there will be no time to give, and the disadvantages will be useless.That's why the wise are tired of being restrained, and the unworthy are content with prevarication.It is two things that cannot be determined because of unclear duties and responsibilities; one is that the name does not match the reality.It's called the Ministry of Officials, but it's the secretary who decides things and has the power to weigh.

It is called the Ministry of Households, but it does not have the right to make statistics on the matter of the cashier.It is called the Ministry of Rites, but it does not have the right to teach rituals.It is called the Ministry of War, but it does not have the right to control the promotion and transfer of soldiers from the military ranks.It is the name that does not match the reality, and the responsibility cannot be determined.The old ministers and others determined the official system, strictly obeying the decree, Shangji the essence of the law of the dynasty, and the principle of good deeds in the regulations of other states.In particular, clearing up the accumulated malpractices, establishing responsibilities, and gradually establishing a constitutional government are the goals.

The first decentralization is limited.Legislation, administration, and judiciary, except that legislation should belong to the House of Representatives, which is still difficult to implement today, and it is proposed to temporarily set up the Zizheng Yuan as a preparation, administrative matters are exclusive.The cabinet, the ministers of various ministries, the cabinet has the prime minister, and the ministers of the various ministries are also the cabinet ministers of state affairs, so they are divided into various ministries, and all of them are the government, and there is no barrier between them.If you enter, you will participate in the cabinet discussion, and if you leave, you will manage the affairs of the ministries, and things can be connected.If so, the trend of centralization will be achieved, and the effect of policy unity will be achieved.Judicial power is exclusive to the Ministry of Justice, with the Dali Yuan as the adjudicator, and the Ministry of Justice supervises it, all of which confront the administrators and are not restrained.This is the outline of the separation of powers.In addition, there is the Court of Senior Citizens to uphold public opinion, the Metropolitan Procuratorate to make corrections, and the Audit Court to investigate excessive expenses. They are all independent, not controlled by the cabinet, but transferred to supervise the cabinet ministers. This separation of powers is very large. To also.

Sub-division to full-time.The method of division of duties, whoever uses each yamen and has nothing to do with administration, can be tailored to the matter.The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Branch, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of the Army, the Ministry of Law, the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, the Postal Department, and the Li Fan Department.In the full-time method, all cabinet ministers are equally responsible.Except for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs contained in the Convention, the rest shall not be full of burdensome gaps.There is only one minister in each department, and only two ministers, all of whom belong to the same.As for the newly established Chancellor, the authority is unclear and there are still many obstacles. Therefore, a Chengzheng Office is specially set up to make the left and right Chancellors gather together.Set up a council hall, so that the left and right can discuss matters that are discussed by any department.Among them, the doctor, Yuanwailang, and principal are below, depending on the complexity of the affairs, the amount of quota shortage.To ensure that responsibilities are dedicated, and officials are not set up indiscriminately, this division of duties and full-time duties is essential.Second, the name was changed to verify that the patrol police was one of the civil affairs departments, and nitrogen was renamed the Ministry of Civil Affairs.The branch is merged with the Finance Department and the Taxation Department.The Ministry of War has only a false name, and it is proposed to change its name to the Ministry of the Army. It will be merged with Taipusi, the military training office, and the Ministry of the Navy will be temporarily attached to Yan.Since the Ministry of the Army is established, the military commander of the military training department should be renamed the Military Advisory Office so as to hold the key points of the country's military administration.The Ministry of Punishment is the administrative office of the judiciary.The Ministry of Commerce is originally the Ministry of Agriculture and Industry.The three temples of Taichang, Guanglu and Honglu are all officials in charge of rites and are planned to be merged into the Ministry of Rites.Under the control of the Ministry of Industry, half of it has been divided into other departments, and it is planned to be changed to the Ministry of Posts and Communications, and it will be joined by Lunlu Posts and Telecommunications.This is the main point of name verification.If so, the responsibilities have been clearly defined, and the accumulated disadvantages can be clarified.The scale of constitutionalism actually stems from this.For example, as soon as the House of Representatives has sprouted, it is difficult to establish it suddenly, so the supervision of administrators is not yet complete.Or change today's Minister of Military Aircraft to Minister of Government Affairs, and all ministers are ministers of government affairs, and academicians are still retained to handle cabinet affairs. Although the names are slightly different, the regulations are the same.The administrative organs have been decided.The constitutional bureaucracy does have its beginnings.Those who are more interested in suppressing ministers and others, the system of law insists on its perfection, and the mere law cannot be self-sufficient, and it must have the spirit of doing things, and then it will have the effect of improvement.To work among ministers and ministers, big and small, as the name suggests, regard the country as home, have no selfishness, have the reality of hard work, and work together to help each other in difficulties.The concubine looked up to the arms of the two palaces who worked hard to govern, and comforted Bo Hai's hope of facing the wind.It is the ministers and others who have the responsibility, especially those who are terrified and lucky.Whether it is right or not, Fuhou Shengming will make a decision and implement it decisively.I would like to submit the list of 24 official systems to the imperial court, waiting for instructions.Sincerely.

If you want to know whether the draft of the official system is approved or not, let's listen to the next chapter to break it down.

(End of this chapter)