You are the april day of the world

Chapter 33 Jinfen Ancient Architecture Preliminary Investigation Record (2)
There is a special noteworthy point in the layout of the Notre Dame Temple.In the east and west of the main hall, there are three halls each, facing south, juxtaposed with the main hall, and the system of east and west halls in the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties still exists.Regarding this point, Mr. Liu Dunzhen has made it very clear in the second issue of the fifth volume of this journal, so there is no need to repeat it here.

Wenshui Confucian Temple
In Wenshui County, the county seat is well-organized, and the Confucian Temple building is also grand and unexpected.In the center of the courtyard is Panchi, with verandahs on both sides, stele railings, lining the Dacheng Gate and the apse. It is more magnificent than the Confucian Temple in the city; but the building itself has many weaknesses, and it is only one of the representative works in central Shanxi after the Qing Dynasty. A sort of.The oldest inscriptions in the temple are the county school Jinshi steles in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and many steles were rebuilt in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.From the perspective of shape and structure, the existing temples are probably rebuilt after the Qing Dynasty.

The main hall, with narrow bays and high columns, looks uncomfortable.On the stigma, the front and the front are used, the front is used as a backing board between the two, and the "lotus leaf pier" is used in between, and the fat square is used on the top of the front. These four layers of materials are mainly the front. , and others are supplementary, but here they are all the same size, so that the guest and the host are not distinguished, which is extremely inconsistent with the structural principle.The bucket is not very big, and each room only uses a tween shop to make one flower.Underneath the bucket, there is a "pan board" engraved in the shape of an antique seat, which should also be a manifestation of the delicate and ingenious approach of local craftsmen.Dou went out for two jumps, without any angst, but there was a pole at the rear, which was probably led by the playhead and the brace.The two mountain column heads are used to support the outer end of the Shunba beam, while the inner end is placed on the girder calmly but straight.

There are three halberd gates, roughly at the same time as the Dacheng Hall.Do two jumps in front of the bucket, copy the single sheet and lower it, and focus on the center. The first jump sheet is used to support the arhat square, and the second jump is not used. The jumping head directly supports the wooden frame to support the eaves and eaves. It's also a rare practice.Corner paving does not require Yuang, horn gods or treasure vases, but only multi-jump real shots (or boot deeds), which extend layer by layer to support corner beams. This method is not only novel, but also better than other common methods. Reasonable.

Lingyan Temple, Xiaoxiang Village, Fenyang County

Like Daxiang Village, Xiaoxiang Village is on the road between Wenshui and Wenshui in Fenyang, but Daxiang Village is on the east side of the road, while Xiaoxiang Village is on the west side of the road, and it is farther away from Fenyang.Lingyan Temple is on the hillside, far behind the village. There is a towering tower, majestic pavilions, tiles and glazed tiles, shining in the setting sun. It is easy to know that it is a Ming and Qing Dynasty, but the scenery is beautiful and pleasant, and passers-by are not allowed to ignore it.

Leave the road and walk along the dirt road for four or five miles to reach the front gate of the village.The upper part of the building spans the earthen city, and the round door at the bottom is just like what you can see in other villages in Shanxi.All the way in the village runs through the whole village. After the rain, it is muddy and rugged, and it is difficult to enter Sichuan together. The more we travel, the more weary, the more we feel the distance of Lingyan Temple. I realized the area of ​​Fenyang. .In front of the temple, although there is only a mountain gate hole in the ruins, the size of the temple site can be seen at a glance.

Entering the door, you can only see rubble mounds, desolate everywhere, and the ruins of the Temple of Heaven in the middle, raised like a tomb, with a majestic atmosphere.The brick pagoda and the heavy building seen in the road are still far behind, and further into another mound, it should be the original front hall - two iron Buddhas sitting in the open air in the middle, with a large lotus seat in the middle; a glimpse of the setting sun, it is very interesting, Pedestrians are tired of traveling, so far they have a few moments of enlightenment and enter a new realm.Then it will be the site of the main hall. The towers in the background are getting closer, and there are three iron Buddhas, sitting in the same position as before, and the first one in the east bows its head in front of it, showing compassion and concern (see Figure [-] on the previous page).At this time, the distant mountains are clear at night, the sky is like a universe, and the two sites are not palaces but palaces, solemn and beautiful, without borrowing Liang Dong's paintings, and the worshipers are more silent and reverent, and they can't help themselves.

The iron statue bears the year name of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty, and the casting is extremely fine. In the middle of the front hall, one statue is sitting on the ground, half-buried in the soil.

The halls of Lingyan Temple are originally built with coupon caves, and the brick caves are intricately connected, just like the ancient Roman buildings. Looking down from the top and bottom of the broken wall mound, the main hall is to the west, and there are many ruins of the kiln.It is more like a tunnel and a secret room. It has a gloomy atmosphere and is slightly scary. There are many coffins in the middle and bricks on the outside. The impression is also a bit like a Roman sarcophagus. It is rare to visit ruins in China with wooden buildings.In one of the coupon caves, there are still paintings on the bottom of the coupon, which are bright in color and exquisite in painting, and should be relics of the Ming Dynasty.

The brick tower is behind the main hall and was built in the 28th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty.This pagoda can be used as a representative of a kind of late Ming brick pagoda in Shanxi and Hebei provinces.

Behind the brick tower, there is a small brick city, which enters the square city through a small door on the side. The majestic ruins, sitting on the iron Buddha, have a special flavor.

There are five kilns in the left and right side halls of the courtyard. The kilns are solidly built, and the back faces outward, which is the small city wall you can see.There is one Ming carved wooden statue in each hall.In the north, there are seven eyes of the base kiln, and there are seven large rooms for building buildings and halls, that is, those with glazed tiles standing tall in the distance.There are also bamboo buildings on both sides, and the stone terraces are winding. You can climb the small pavilion from outside the kiln and turn into the main building.The setting sun is lonely, and the light shadows move with people, full of poetic and picturesque charm, and the momentary memory is hardly as good as the shape of the building structure.

Go downstairs and wander under the corridors of the East and West Side Halls to read the inscriptions. Surrounded by thorns, I got Zhu Zhijun's stele during the reign of Chongzhen. The inscription describes the original construction of the Water and Land Building in great detail.

Zhu Zhijun's self-report: "Staying in the temple at night, Rumeng walks in the courtyard, looking up to the left and right, there are towers and wings, and the splendor is magnificent, as if it is newly formed... It feels different, and the quality is like a master of the general sect, and the teacher is the statue of Yu Yan Shuilu Pavilion , It fits the dream quite well. Yu Yin was born in the sea and land, and he felt the first thing..."

There are still many steles everywhere, describing the past history of the temple.Only the current state of dilapidation and its reasons cannot be found on the stele.

In the middle of nostalgia, an old villager came in, interrupted our contemplation, began to ask and answer, and told us the last page of tragic history of this temple.It is said that when the village chief was replaced in the 26th year of Guangxu, the old and new chiefs each set up their own style, instigated the villagers to fight and destroyed the temple.In a few days, it turned into a field of rubble, which is very sad; now the whole temple only has this courtyard building and a tower outside the courtyard.

Dongyue Temple, Wutun Village, Xiaoyi County

Starting from Fenyang to the south, we could have hired a church car to Jiexiu, and then changed to a bus from Jiexiu to Zhaocheng and other counties in Huozhou.But after the heavy rain, the road was muddy, and Tongpu Road was being blasted to build a road. Many sections of the bus lane had been demolished and could not be passed through.

We stayed in Wutun Village outside Xiaoyi City because of the road, and stayed overnight under the corridor of the main hall of Dongyue Temple at the east gate of the village. The temple is very small, with only one courtyard and one hall. The worst of the temples I have seen.The small hall faces the east gate, and sits in the middle of the field, like a country bride, with a hair full of flowers, looking like she is going back to the gate.

The temple courtyard is paved with bricks and filled very high. The surrounding wall is as short as a railing. Because of the depression outside the wall, there is no need for a high wall to enclose it. There are three views and one city tower. The place is also very unique.The temple chamber has been used as a country school, but it only teaches in the middle of the day, and the urchins arrive at sunrise and leave at dusk.At night, there is only one old man guarding him. It is said that he is also a teacher during the day, and his salary is only [-] gold a year.

The courtyard is slightly square, the hall is in the middle of the courtyard, the plane is square, and a shallow pagoda is added in front.There are sloping screen walls on both sides, and the roof of the hall is made of Xieshan. The Baosha is also the same, but the mountain faces forward, which is very similar to the main hall of the Kaizha Notre Dame Temple. The richness is unimaginable.The dou in this hall is very peculiar, the balance of the whole flower is not common in ordinary dou, because the horizontal - especially the mud path and its slowness - is very short, so that the outline of the dou is tall and thin.The hall is one room deep, and there are three flowers in the tween room.The Baosha is slightly narrower than the hall body, and it is made of a tween shop, and each layer is slanted at 45 degrees.The mouth is slender and half-shaped, and it is engraved as Bawangquan. The disadvantages of inferior craftsmanship can be seen everywhere.

Into quite deep.The horns on each bucket are only as thick as the side of the material and under the forehead. They are replaced by horns outside the column caps instead of the forehead. The unintentional coincidence of the principles of mechanics is a rare case.The eaves are covered with rafters, and there are no flying rafters, which is strange.But the date of construction is not easy to determine.We stayed under the porch at night, looking up at the black shadows under the eaves, watching the cold moon appearing and disappearing at the bottom of the clouds, the stars appearing and disappearing, artificial and natural, leisurely blending into dreams, and the taste is deep.

As mentioned above, except for the large-scale Chongsheng Temple in Daxiang Village and the proper structure of the Notre Dame Temple in Huoxian County, the other buildings are not very important.Huozhou County is very large, with many temples, and they are burly. When you climb up the tower and look out, the scenery outside the city is compared with the steep palaces in the city, which is spectacular.

As far as the impression of the whole city is concerned, wherever we go, we should be unable to go beyond Huozhou right.

Taiqing Temple in Huo County is located in the north gate. It is said that it was built by Taoist Tao Chongren in the second year of Song Tiansheng, and it was repaired by Taoist Chen Taishi in the third year of Yuanyan.The temple is built on the mound, which is much higher than the ground on both sides, and it gets higher as it goes to the back. The last courtyard is on the same level as the city wall, and the overall layout is quite interesting.

Most of the existing buildings in the temple were built after the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Only the front hall, with the forehead saying "The Hall of Jinque Xuanyuan", is the most interesting.There are three halls, suspended on the top of the mountain, standing on very high steps; there is a platform in front, as high as the steps.Douxiong is big and heavy, so be careful to use a tween shop to make two flowers, and use one flower for a while.The playheads on the stigma pavement have become the shape of peach-pointed beam heads, but the width of them is still early and has not been enlarged.Think of it as an almost official work in the early Ming Dynasty.The eaves of this hall also do not use rafters.

The last hall, built on a mountain with double eaves, may have been built after the middle of the Qing Dynasty in terms of shape.

Huo County Confucian Temple
The Huo County Confucian Temple was built from the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, and there are still four Yuan monuments in the gate.

From the structural point of view, there are probably many palaces, which are still the remains of the Yuan Dynasty.In terms of layout, from the left and right of Dacheng Gate to the back, there are corridors all around, which is obviously an ancient system.It's a pity that the whole temple is now divided into two halves. The first half—south of the Dacheng Hall—has troops stationed there, and the second half is a small school.

The main temples before and after are consistent in structure.Inside the Lingxing Gate is the Dacheng Gate, with three doors and a roof hanging from a mountain.The column is tall and thin and the forehead is thin, and the overall balance is quite high, especially because the column is slender and long, which is similar to the phenomenon often seen in mural paintings of the Tang Dynasty.The bucket is simple (see Figure [-] on the next page), and the four pavements are copied alone, and the upper stone is used to replace the wood to support the eaves.On the top of the flower, the head is played, and it intersects with Ling Jiman. The head and the tail are used as the head, and the head is supported under the beam; the head of the beam also extends above the head, which is very appropriate and reasonable.The buckets are arranged sparsely, and each room only uses a tween shop to make one flower, which is placed on the slender forehead and the thick and wide Pupai Fang.

The Pu Pai Fang's stigma is cut obliquely, which is similar to the begonia curling petals carved from the Yuan Dynasty relics seen elsewhere.A simple bucket is also used on the central pillar, with a single material on the top of the flower, and the front and back stand out to support the main beam.Between the two middle columns on the left and right, a stigma square is used to connect it on the top; the stigma fangs protrude a little bit from the left and right middle columns to make grasshopper heads, and do not pass through the mountains.Dachengmen beams are made of light and economical materials, and it is an extremely appropriate way to reduce their own weight.We have seen that only round rafters are used for the eaves, and there are no eaves rafters on it. This is another example.

There are also three Dacheng halls, which are not large in scale.The hall stands on a high-proportioned platform, with a platform in front; brick railings are used on it (this short platform is not used in the first place).The top of the hall was built on a mountain.The whole balance is also steep.Because the pillars are very high, the proportion of the bucket appears to be very small.

Dou, raise the four pavements alone, jump out, raise your head to give orders to support the eaves and squares.The mouth is round and harmonious, but the corners are more slender and long.The high tail is a single piece, with a slanted top and a flat bottom. The structure is extremely simple, and it may be a little weak.The arrangement of the buckets is sparse and bright, and only one flower is used for each door, and the triangular pads are actually flat and long here.

The structure of the Xieshan part is to use two layers of cypress to support the mountain.The lower layer is flat with the forehead of the appendix, and the top is supported by a bucket.The upper layer rests on gold piles, supporting the mountain frame.

The outer end is supported on the outer eaves bucket, and the inner end is sparse, especially in the posture of raising the mouth, which is full of the meaning of the Yuan Dynasty.The structure of the roof of the hall is extremely peculiar.At first glance, it is the top of the mountain, but the roof of the hall itself and the roof of the corridor below are discontinuous to form a whole piece. from the left and right sides of the hall to the front of the Duo hall).The top of the hanging mountain above has its own hook drop, and the water is released to the top of the slope below when it is lowered by one level.Among the relics of the Han Dynasty, the tile roof has this double-slope method, such as the Gaoyi Stone Tower and the Han Ming Ware in the New York Museum.Tamamushi, the chef of Horyuji Temple in Nara, Japan, also uses the same type of top.We are very pleased with this ancient structure, and we do not intend to see its legacy here.This kind of roof has been discussed in detail in the article "Architectural Style and Decoration of the Han Dynasty" in the second issue of the fifth volume of this magazine, so there is no need to repeat it here.

On the left and right of the main hall are the Duo halls. The structural method of connecting the Duo hall with the body of the main hall and the three roofs of the main hall's enclosure is extremely appropriate. This clever and flexible approach is no longer seen in Qing-style architecture, and the official regulations are more conservative. It is a pity that the mechanical method deletes the structure of special changes.

The steps of the main hall are quite high, and there is a platform in front of it. Both the base of the steps and the corner stones of the platform are engraved with dragons, just like the stone work in "Zao Fa Shi".It can be seen that the building regulations here must have been before the Liao and Ming Dynasties.

From the perspective of shape, the apse is probably at the same time as the main hall, but the effect of the intermediary shop is oblique, as seen in the Jinjian Sansheng Hall of Shanhua Temple in Datong.

In the middle of the courtyard in front of the back hall, there is still a pillar of the Sutra building of the Tang Dynasty. Beside the Sutra building, there are remnants of statues of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which are protected by brick niches.There are five statues in the stone, Maitreya sitting in the middle, and two Bodhisattvas on the left and right are waiting on them, but unfortunately they are dilapidated; the two Bodhisattvas on the left are missing and do not exist.Maitreya sits with his legs crossed, which is the same as Yungang's early works. His clothes and body are all signs of the early Northern Wei Dynasty, which is simple and gratifying.

Huo County Xifuchang Temple
West Fuchang Temple and East Fuchang Temple are commensurate with each other on the street in the city.According to "Huozhou Zhi", in the fourth year of Zhenguan, it was supervised by Yu Chigong.It was first named Puji Temple.Emperor Taizong was born here in order to break Song Lao. In the third year of Zhenguan, he built a temple to cultivate Futian and help the camp.He ordered Yu Shinan, Li Baiyao, Chu Suiliang, Yan Shigu, Cen Wenwen, Xu Jingzong, Zhu Zishe and others to be inscriptions.It is a pity that there are many steles, but none of them exist anymore.

Now there are five main halls.The three halls on the left and right belong to the remains of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.The stele of the second year of Jintaihe under the corridor of the hall says that the temple was founded in the third year of Taiping Xingguo.The eaves columns of the front porch still have Song-style raspberry column foundations.

There are three front halls, built in Xieshan Mountain, with an ancient shape and two hairpins on the door, which are also made in the Liao and Song Dynasties.The statues in the hall are quite similar to those in Shanhua Temple in Datong.It's a pity that when we traveled, it was already late and the drizzle continued, so we didn't get to take pictures.But groping in the temple, burning fire among the dust and dirt, and looking at the Buddha's face.

The terrain of the whole temple is low at the front and high at the back.The courtyards rise up layer by layer, just like Taiqingguan, but the old site of the Kuayuan courtyard is still extensive, with broken walls and overturned walls. Among the old pavilions and wild grass, there are mixed residential houses, which are extremely dilapidated.

Huoxian Martian Temple

The Temple of Our Lady of Mars is inside the north gate of the county.This temple is not ancient, but there are quite a few points worth noting.Inside the main gate, there are three wing rooms on the left and right, and a rain cover with pendant flowers is installed in the center, which is novel and lovely, which is enough for reference in the new design.The structure of the main hall and the roof of the food offering shed, as well as the connection between the various parts, are reasonable and interesting despite the complexity.In terms of plane layout, there are three main halls, one left and one duo halls, three corridors in front of the main hall, a square food shed in front of the corridors, and one left and right corridors.Most of these are connected to the roof of the hall corridor; the main hall and the Duo hall are built on a suspended mountain, with a sloping roof on one side of the hall corridor, which is one level lower than the top of the main hall, similar to the practice of the main hall of Dongfuchang Temple.The roof of the food offering shed uses a cross ridge, the front and left and right rest mountains, and the back ridge extends to intersect with a slope; the left and right corridors use rolling sheds to hang from the top of the mountain.The whole method of communication is extremely ingenious, which cannot be found on the roofs of official buildings in Beiping.

In front of the food offering shed is a pair of glazed lions. The sculptors are exquisite, the texture is beautiful, and the expression is vigorous, which can be called top grade.

There are many Ming and Qing steles and inlaid stones under the east corridor.

Huoxian County Government Lobby

In the structure of the lobby of Huo County County Government, we have to see a unique example of ridiculous architecture.There is a building in front of the lobby, which is three rooms wide.Beware that the center is wide and the tip is narrow. On the four pillars, they are connected by a very small forehead, but there is a whole huge architrave on it, which completely reverses the balance of traditional Chinese architectural materials.This is not surprising; the most absurd thing is that on the big Pupai Fang, there are seven buckets supported, and the distance between each of them is equidistant, and none of them is placed on any stigma. The author actually placed the bucket on the structure. The original meaning of the upper, completely forgotten, random position.The position of the buckets is not arranged according to the columns, except for this one, which can only be seen in Nanjing Jinling Women's University designed by Mu Fei, who claims to be good at Chinese-style architecture.

The Doudan is placed on four pavements, the order intersects with the head of the head, and the head of the beam is placed on the head of the head.For the tween shop, the support wood is stretched out above the head, and it is carved into hemp leaf clouds.The two scattered buckets are extra large, with rolled ears on both sides, which are slightly Ionic (Ionian column) capital shape.There are a few buckets in the middle, and under the big bucket, a plate is used to cushion it, but its function is not the same as that of the plate.The two ends of the forehead are engraved with curly grass patterns, and the patterns are quite beautiful.The base of the pillar is filled with lotus petals and raspberries, only divided into eight petals, and the carving is exquisite.

According to the inlaid stones on the wall, in the ninth year of Dade in Yuan Dynasty ([-] A.D.), a certain clan "made a pilgrimage to and from Mingyuan County (the current place name to be tested), Huo County was suitable for the impact, and the county was enlarged and rebuilt. .As for the practice and trade-offs of the existing buildings, there is no such thing as ancient or modern, and it is extremely difficult to determine the age.

Layers of rolling petals are made on the gate of the county government (see Figure [-] on the previous page), which is also contrary to the conventional practice.

Huoxian North Gate Outer Bridge and Iron Bull

The iron ox on the North Gate Bridge can be regarded as a scene in Huozhou. In fact, the ox is very common, and the railings on the bridge are in the eyes of architects. Not only can it be regarded as a scene, it can be called a comedy.

The five-hole bridge is a common stone bridge in the north, which is no wonder.The rare ones are the carvings on the railings of bridges, especially the pillars.The patterns on the columns are different, or use lotus, ruyi, ten thousand characters, bells, drums and other patterns.As for the carvings on the pillars of the watchtower, there are all kinds of animals, plants, ancient times, and geometric shapes. Many nameless grotesque figures are roughly arranged, like a child's play, and there is no shortage of them, which makes people laugh.

As for the iron ox, it is as stupid and lifeless as the countless iron ox we have seen in the Ming Dynasty, although it is said that it was cast by Yu Chigong to make Hebaocheng.The cow rides and strokes for the village children day and night, and its patina is smooth, so it is a local treasure.

Nuwa Temple in Hou Village, Zhaocheng County

Go up Mount Huo from Zhaocheng County, eight miles away from the city, pass by Hou Village, and three or four miles away from the village, you can already see the majestic and high palace.Nuwa Temple, "Zhi" called Tang structure, we certainly had great hopes when we visited.

(End of this chapter)