politics

Chapter 34 Volume (Δ) Four (2)
The reason why regimes are divided into several different types is because each city-state is composed of several different parts. According to the first item of the political research program listed in Chapter 1290, this chapter should explain how many types of regimes are there?However, what this chapter discusses is why the political system is different and differentiated into various varieties?Moreover, the basis of political differentiation lies in the differences among the city-state constituents, and the descriptions of the city-state constituents in Chapters 22 and 1291 are different from 15b565 to 569b151.Newman believes that the two chapters 1289 and 26 were originally written by Aristotle. At the beginning, he did not determine what to delete or save, so they were recorded together by later generations ("New School" Volume 1291 "Appendix A" 15-162 pp. [-], Vol. [-] Text Notes).Buckle said that from Chapter [-] [-]b[-] to Chapter [-] [-]b[-], it was added by later generations, or it was Aristotle's leftover manuscript, which can be deleted (the long note at the end of the chapter on page [-] of the English translation). .

At the very beginning, we saw that each city-state is composed of several families.Secondly, these numerous families were divided into several sections (classes), namely the rich class, the poor class and the middle class, the rich class had heavy infantry equipment, while the poor class did not.Again, the common people are engaged in various trades, some in agriculture, some in commerce, and still others in crafts.Again, according to the wealth and the size of the family property, there are still differences among the famous people in the state; for example, only rich people can raise war horses, and the number of horses in each family may be more or less.In ancient times, city-states that were good at winning with cavalry were often oligarchy, because only rich and famous families could afford war horses.These oligarchic city-states are usually accustomed to using cavalry to fight against their neighbors. We can refer to the fact that there was an oligarchy in the city of Calchi on the island of Eletria and Opia, see "Strebo", page 35, also found in "Fragments of Aristotle" 447a1570.

Electria (Eρερα) is a coastal city-state in the Lydia region of Asia Minor. , Magnesia on the Meantu River There are two "Magnesia" cities, one in Lydia and the other in Caria (Caria) on the Meantu River.Caria's Magnesia and its coastal colonial city-state Colophon to the east are both famous for their horse breeding and riding skills. See Heraclitus in the Black Sea: "Republic of the City-States" (HeraclidPont, De Rebuspub) xxii.

"Athena" 624 quoted Heraclitus' words, saying that horse breeding was popular in Thessaly. , and 40 Asia Minor The original text "Asia" (Aσα), the Asia Minor that the ancient Greeks said actually refers to "Asia Minor". "Other city-states" refers to Colophon and others.Many city-states in theIn addition to wealth, there are other (factors) that can be distinguished among these famous people (nobility): for example, differences in family status and talents. 1290α Another example is the difference of elements, that is, when we discussed the aristocratic regime, we analyzed and listed all the necessary elements of city-state life, see Volume III Chapter 1283 14a20-[-], that is, the moral character of justice and the habits of soldiers. , these elements also differ among famous people.

These are the various parts used to make up the city-state.Sometimes all these parts participate in the political system, sometimes more or less several parts participate.Obviously, in this way, there must be several regimes of different types.As the various parts participating in the governance are different, there will be differences in the form of government.A political system is the distribution system of the public office of the city-state. When the public office is allocated by the citizen group according to this system, the distribution is based on the power of the staff. There is a certain principle of equality between the rich and the poor. For example, there is a certain principle of equality between the rich and the poor.There are, therefore, as many forms of government as there are ways of distributing public office.The distribution method of public office here refers to the difference between the various components of the city-state and the differences between the various outstanding factors. The distinction between talent and virtue.It depends.

There is a popular notion that there are only two types of government.Just as people are used to talking about the direction of the wind, they only say the north wind and the south wind. Greece has more north-south winds all year round.The Greeks called the cold wind from the north of the Black Sea the "north wind" (βορα), strictly speaking, it should be the northeast wind; the hot and humid wind from the Mediterranean is called the "south wind" (νóο), actually Should be southwest wind. , and regard the other 361 wind directions as the change of these two wind directions. When people treat the political system, they only focus on the civilian government or the oligarchy. Chapter 6 15b1296. .Based on this standard, the aristocratic regime must be included in the oligarchic regime, see volume five chapter seven 22b1301. , the aristocratic regime exists only as a variant of the oligarchic regime, and the so-called republican regime is similarly included in the civilian regime. See chapter 39 1306b24 of this volume. , just as the west wind is counted as a turn of the north wind, and the east wind is counted as a turn of the south wind.

Some thinkers believe that the 20 tunes can indeed be divided into the so-called Duli tune and Fuli Ji tune, and other tunes are classified into these two kinds of tunes.Although this idea of ​​regimes is quite fashionable, we still think that the classification we have mentioned earlier refers to Chapter II 1289a31-b11 of this volume.The classification of positive changes in the regime mentioned here is inconsistent with the three positive changes in Chapter 25 of Volume Three.Better and more realistic.According to our classification, the regime should be one or two as the orthodox,1304 and all other regimes are perversions of this best regime, just as we can hear the inflection from the positive tune in music; Later, those who tend to be strict and dignified (similar to the tone of Duli) should belong to the oligarchic nature, and if they tend to be relaxed and relaxed after the transformation (similar to the tone of Filiji), then the regime belongs to the oligarchy of the civilian nature The principle is strict and urgent, and the civilian regime is mainly loose, see the example in Chapter 20, 29a1340-40 of Volume Five.For the priority of music tunes, see Volume 5 1342a28-b32, 13a20-b[-].The stern and dignified Duli modulation is the Ludi mixed tone; the relaxed and relaxed Furiji modulation is the Ion slow tone.According to lines [-]-[-], these two regimes are orthodox and thus comparable to the orthodox music. .

Chapter Four
It should not be like some thinkers now see Plato: "The Statesman" 30D.It is so simple to think that civilian government is a form of government ruled by the majority.In fact, the rulers of all regimes are in a majority, even oligarchies, in terms of the number of persons who take part in the governing power.Similarly, an oligarchy cannot simply be considered a regime ruled by a few people.If there are 291 people in a city, 1300 of them are rich: 1000 If these 35 people are allowed to occupy the ruling power, and no public office is given to the 1000 free people who are born poor and equal to them, people can't do it. Said it was a civil government.Or even though the number of the poor is small, they are more powerful than the many wealthy households, thus occupying the ruling power. If 300 at this time, no one of the rich can participate in the name, no one will refer to this regime as an oligarch ( plutocracy) regime.Therefore, a more appropriate conclusion should be that any free man who governs is a plebeian regime, and any rich man who governs is an oligarchy (plutocrat). 40b Regime Debate Wealth is high and low, which has already been seen in Juan III, Chapter 1290, 1279b20-1280a2.Although most of the arguments in this section are the same as the previous ones, the conclusion advocates taking into account birth, wealth, and number of people, which is slightly different from the previous ones who specialize in wealth.

In addition, the following sections 1291b37, Volume 1310 28a1317, Volume 4 5b10 and other sections involve the civilian government and are still regarded as the rule dominated by the "majority". .There are many free men in the world, and often few rich men; but the majority of free men is a plebeian government, which is characterized by freedom of birth rather than number, and the rich few is an oligarchy, which is characterized by Wealth is not in numbers.Otherwise, if numbers are the five elements (characteristics) of a regime, anyone who takes the height of the body (it is said that Ethiopia has such a system) or looks beautiful as the standard for appointment will become an oligarchy; There are certainly not many people who are tall or extremely beautiful.However, the reason for distinguishing the populace from the oligarchy solely by the criterion of wealth or poverty, or of numbers, is insufficient.We should remember that there are parts (elements) contained in both the plebeian city-state and the oligarchy-state,[-] and we must add some other criteria to accurately distinguish the two regimes.For example, Apollonia on the Ionian Gulf and Sera Ionia (loνα), or translated "Ionian" Gulf, between Asia Minor, Lydia and Caria.The city of Apollonia has many places with the same name, so its region is cited.Sera (θρα) is an island in the Sporadic Islands in the west of the Ionian Gulf.

The so-called "free people" and "unfree people" here are actually the difference between the descendants of early immigrants and later immigrants, not the difference between free people and slaves.The official qualifications of these two city-states value the lineage, and the lineage must first be found out as the descendants of the early immigrants before they can be granted public office. , specifically using Menwang as the only criterion for selecting rulers, these city-states where a few free people rule the majority of non-free people, it is inappropriate for us to call their political system a civilian government.In these two states, the descendants of the early immigrants had the highest prestige. Although there were only a few of them in the whole city, they occupied all the places in the city.

For those regimes formed by rich people more than 15 poor people, it is not appropriate for us to call it an oligarchy. [regime]".According to the school books of Bojessen, Susmeer and Newman, it was revised as "oligarchy". .There was an example of this kind of government in ancient Colophon.The Lydian War refers to the invasion of Miletus and the capture of Colophon by the Lydian tyrant Gyges in the first half of the 7th century BC, see Herodotus i 14.Colophon's cavalry and navy were strong in Aristotle's time (Strebo, p. 643).Previously, most of the inhabitants of Colophon were wealthy and property-worthy.A correct interpretation of the term "civilian government" should be a government controlled by a large number of free and poor people; similarly, a correct interpretation of "oligarchy" should be a government with a small number of people but rich and born (Menwang) Governments controlled by people higher than 20.

The reasons for the various types of regimes, and the reasons for their differentiation, have been explained.Here it is necessary to continue to explain why there are other types of regimes besides the two regimes of the common people and the oligarchy, and to explain the reasons for their existence by way of enumeration.Chapter 1289 27b1290 was mentioned earlier. , each city-state is composed of not just one part, but many parts.Now we can use this principle as the basis of our explanation. 21b1291 is the same as the following sentence 14b1290. It is the beginning of a paragraph of discussion, and the two paragraphs are not connected. 21b1291-13b25 seem to have been added by Aristotle after the entire chapter was written, or a fragment of Aristotle's unfinished chapter, which was assembled here by his disciples, or Aristotle There are side references in teaching and writing, and this paragraph is also an example of "side reference". . [-] Taking animal studies as an example, if we want to classify, we should first list the indispensable parts (organs) of animals.

This requires, for example, certain sense organs, certain organs for eating and digesting food, such as the mouth and stomach; and organs by which various animals move.Here, let us assume that there are only a few types of organs, but each type of organ has many varieties, for example, various animals have their own different mouth, stomach, sensory, and motor organs.Then, since animals of the same species can only have one kind of mouth or ears, but cannot have multiple kinds of mouths or ears at the same time, if we cooperate various organs, the possible ways of cooperation between these organs will be different when a certain number is reached. would also stop; the different modes of cooperation between the various parts give rise to the different breeds of animals, and the number of species of animals should be equal to the number of possible combinations of the parts (organs) necessary 30 Aristotle's The main basis for animal classification is anatomy. Animals that have the same parts in all parts are listed in the same species, and those that have one difference in each part are listed in different species; some parts are different and some parts are the same, which should be different from species but the same as family. belongs to.See chapter 35, 491a14 and other sections of "Zoology of Animals", and chapter 644, 7b[-] and below, of "On the Structure of Animals". .

The situation is precisely similar with respect to the regimes which have been mentioned.There should be as many forms of government as there are as many ways of coordinating the various necessary components of each city-state.We have repeatedly stated that each city-state should not consist of only one part, but should be composed of many parts.One of its constituents is the so-called peasantry, the class that produces food. 40 The second part is the so-called artisan class, these people are engaged in various arts and manufactures, and their products are necessary for daily life, or for a life of luxury and luxury. If these necessities are lacking in the city, it is impossible to live. .The third part can be called the market class, including all merchants and peddlers who are engaged in buying and selling.The fourth part is the class of serfs (servants) working in the fields.The fifth part is the defensive warriors (tribes). If any city-state is unwilling to be captured as a slave by invaders, then this part should be no less important than the other four parts.If a slavish society is called a city-state, how can it be worthy of it?Independence and self-sufficiency are the essence of a city-state, and the nature of slaves is that they cannot be independent and self-sufficient.

(End of this chapter)