politics

Chapter 83 Appendix I (3)
Chapter [-] Preserving the royal family depends on humility and gentleness.There are two policies to preserve the tyrant, one is to adopt a high-pressure policy similar to that of an extreme civilian regime, to destroy the will of the people with severe torture, to deprive them of their surplus funds with heavy taxes, and to destroy the harmony among people and make the people suspicious of each other .Another policy is to pretend to be a monarchy, try to restrain it, implement a benevolent government, and whitewash the peace, thus slightly delaying its fate.

Chapter [-] Despotism cannot last long, and the fate of tyrants in ancient times was short-lived.Comment on some of the theories about change in Plato's "Utopia".

Book [-] Methods of Establishing a More Stable Commonwealth and Oligarchy

([-]) Chapters [-] to [-]: Methods of Establishing a Civilian Government
Chapter [-]. The various types of civil regimes are composed of different types of people and various combinations of democratic functions and functions.

Chapter [-]'s civil government takes freedom as its purpose, and advocates that people should take turns to participate in political affairs and require "do whatever you want" in life.The arrangement of the three functions of administration, judiciary and deliberation must conform to this purpose.Discussion and judicial powers are open to all citizens, elections are often drawn by lottery, allowances must be given for meetings, and officials have a short term of office, etc., are all characteristics of civilian government institutions.

Chapter [-] Populism regards the number of people as the standard for holding the highest power, while oligarchism uses wealth as the standard.A supreme power established on these principles may do injustice if it is above the law.A good institution should contain two principles that give the highest governing body both a numerical and a financial advantage.

Chapter 1: Civilian government established by four types of people with different natures, (2) The agricultural form is the best.In such a popular government, the interests of the more and less wealthy classes may be kept in balance.Such a regime would naturally pursue a policy of promoting agricultural development. (3) The second is the animal husbandry type; (4) The third is the business type; ([-]) Finally, there is an extreme civilian system of the whole type, which recognizes that any man can be naturalized as a citizen and appointed as an official.

Chapter [-] It is difficult to create, and it is even more difficult to maintain success.As far as the civilian government is concerned, if you want long-term peace and stability, you should abide by the moderate doctrine, and you cannot drive out the rich with the policy of confiscating property and increasing taxes; the allowance for meetings should be limited.On the other hand, it should be noted that poor people are given relief jointly by the rich and the public to ensure their livelihood.

([-]) Chapters [-] to [-]: Methods of establishing an oligarchy

Chapter [-] The best kind of oligarchy is similar to the agricultural-style civilian government, and the property requirements of officials are not high.The worst type of oligarchy has extremely high requirements for property, similar to the extreme civilian regime that relies entirely on numbers. It only values ​​wealth, and its rule will be difficult to stabilize.

Chapter VII The military organization has a particularly strong influence on the oligarchic institutions.Cavalry is good for oligarchy, while light infantry and navy are good for common people.An oligarchy can be more stable if it can open its door widely so that the masses can also have the opportunity to participate in politics.

Those who serve as high-ranking officials should contribute to society; if they neglect their duties for profit, they will inevitably lead to overthrow.

Chapter [-] The general political system should carefully establish various functions.

List the important functions that all city-states should have, and the functions that some city-states should have.

Volume [-] Political Ideals and Educational Principles

([-]) Chapters [-] to [-]: Political ideals: perfection and happy life

There are three kinds of goodness in Zhang Yi: goodness outside the body, goodness in the body, and goodness in the soul.The focus of a happy life lies in the goodness of the soul: the city-state is the same as an individual, and each should cultivate the four virtues (wisdom, courage, propriety, and righteousness) to obtain true happiness.It is the most excellent life to have good things outside the body (needs for food and clothing) and good things in the body, and to be able to practice good things in the soul and achieve good karma.

Chapter [-] regards good karma as the best goal of life. Should city-states and individuals focus on internal cultivation or external behavior?As far as city-states are concerned, they either advocate martial arts and exert authority abroad; or they pay attention to internal affairs and specialize in cultural governance.States such as Sparta are known for their bravery and benevolence; but it is ultimately unjust to interfere with other people's freedom and enslave their neighbors under the guise of force.

Chapter [-] As far as individuals are concerned, a sage either advocates stepping into an official career in order to make a difference;Generally speaking, people are not beasts of prey, and should be happy to live in groups and participate in social and political activities; while meditation and meditation, like city-states that focus on martial arts, are still an active activity in life.

([-]) Chapters [-] to [-]: Outline of the ideal city-state
Chapter [-] Population: Too little population in a country will lead to insufficient self-sufficiency, and too much population will make it difficult to maintain order.The city-state focuses on the actual organizational form, and a rich city-state is not necessarily a great city-state.The ideal population limit of an ideal city-state is the self-sufficient amount that is sufficient to achieve a good life within the scope of the rule.

Chapter [-] Territory: The national border should not be too small or too large. It should be within the scope of the ruling and enough to ensure that the citizens have ample and restrained leisure life.

When choosing a site for construction, attention should be paid to the situation of mountains and rivers, which is conducive to defense; the location of the city, both economically and militarily, should be suitable for becoming the gathering and dispersing center of the four townships.

There are many seaports in Zhang Liuguo, and the disadvantage is that there are mixed business and travel places, and the customs of different ethnic groups are different, which is often not conducive to the etiquette and laws of the country.However, maritime traffic is not only conducive to material supply, but also convenient for military offense and defense; the ruler needs to establish a navy of appropriate size and manage foreign trade, so as not to make it harmful to others.

Chapter Seven National Nature: Inspecting the dispositions of the various nations in the world, the northern nations are vigorous but irrational, while the Asian nations are mostly good at ingenuity but weak in spirit.Only the Greeks have both, and the quality of citizens that an ideal city-state seeks is exactly the excellent disposition of the Greek nation.

Chapter [-] Social structure: ideal city-state, (a) must have certain "conditions" as the economic foundation, (b) must have several "parts" in order to establish a military and political system, combining these "conditions" and "parts", there should be Six kinds of affairs: (a) agriculture and crafts; (b) government affairs of defense, land management, sacrifice, discussion and trial.

Chapter Nine Those engaged in agriculture and crafts have worked hard all their lives and have no time for politics, so non-citizens should be responsible for the production of food and daily necessities.Sacrifice, defense, and government affairs are the affairs of citizens, and these three affairs are either in charge of several groups of people, or they are all in charge; the best arrangement is that the young and strong citizens are responsible for fighting, the middle-aged are transferred to the positions of discussion and judgment, and the old are responsible for the affairs of the people. clergy.Land management should become the duty of every citizen (citizens should not be deprived of their land like Plato's Utopia).

Chapter [-] The social system based on different affairs as a criterion for distinguishing classes was first seen in Egypt and Crete.Both Crete and Italy have banquet systems.Many systems have been adopted and abolished repeatedly by different nations and periods in history.

In the national land distribution, part of the land should be used as public land for banquets and sacrifices, and the rest should be privately owned, so that every citizen can get two acres of land near the city and remote areas.All farmland was worked by slaves or serfs.

Chapter [-] The planning of the central city in the city-state must first consider the health of the residents, study its location, make it spacious and ventilated, have fresh air, and have sufficient water sources; also consider defensive projects, design fortresses and city walls; consider the convenience of political activities , arranging temples, houses, houses, and shopping malls; finally, all buildings should be aesthetically pleasing.

Chapter [-] The public canteen in the city should be set up in the temple, and the temple should be built on the high ground in the city. There is a "Freedom Square" under it, and a market below it; organizations such as civil courts can be set up near the shopping mall.There should also be some temples in rural areas; public canteens in rural areas should be set up in militia guards.

([-]) Chapters [-] to [-]: General Principles of Civic Education

Chapter [-] According to the interpretation of ethics, happiness is equal to the perfection and full realization of virtue.For this purpose, a city-state and its citizens must have good health, wealth, and general living equipment, which are obtained from nature.In a city-state with these natural conditions, legislators use their talents to guide citizens into the track of doing good.People start from virtue and virtue, out of three ends, endowment, habit, and rationality.Endowment is found in Chapter VII; habit and reason must be cultivated and developed, so the legislator should pay special attention to education.

Chapter Fourteen Some people say that because of the different moral requirements for the ruled and the ruler, two education systems should be established separately.For example, what Plato mentioned in "The Utopia" is an education system specially implemented for the ruling class.In our ideal city-state, free citizens are soldiers under command and citizens under command when they are young and strong, and administer justice and preside over priesthood when they are old but strong, so they should be both commanded and obeyed. train.It has been clarified above (Volume [-], Volume [-]) that in an ideal city-state ruled by turns, the morality of good citizens conforms to the morality of good people; the civic education here should also be equal to the education of good people, so that it includes all virtues.

(1) The human soul is divided into two parts, instinct and rationality. The relationship between these two parts is master-slave, and the rational part is divided into practice and fantasy. (2) Human life is divided into labor and leisure, and the corresponding two aspects of war and peace.For example, Spartan education focused on the subservient aspects of the soul and life, specializing in practice and warfare.True education should pervade the soul and all spheres of life and be rational, seeking leisure and peace.

Chapter [-] Managing leisure requires wisdom and restraint. The Spartans paid attention to the virtue of bravery, which is not suitable for peaceful times.

Which comes first, habit training and rational education?The development of rationality is certainly the highest requirement of education, but according to the natural sequence of human physiology and psychology, we should first pay attention to sports, exercise the body in which the soul resides, and make it healthy; secondly, train the instinctive part of the soul so that it has good habits.

([-]) Chapters [-]-[-]: The Early Years of Education

Chapter [-] In order to ensure that there are healthy babies in the country, legislators should set the age of marriage for men and women, exercise properly and protect the couple's body.From the perspective of eugenics and population limitation, problems such as abandonment of deformed babies and abortion and birth control should also be considered.

Chapter 1 (2) (3) Infants should pay attention to diet, protect their limbs, and make them accustomed to climate change. ([-]) Let children before the age of five play and listen to stories: Childhood habits are difficult to change. You must correct their eyes and ears, and do not let them approach dirty partners, hear bad words, and see obscene scenes. ([-]) From the age of five to seven, they can observe the homework of the teenagers.

(4) After the age of seven, it should be divided into two periods: (14) juvenile (seven to 5 years old) and (21) youth (fifteen to [-] years old). Carefully observe their physical development, carefully arrange educational procedures, and decide what should be done by the city-state Handling is still the responsibility of the individual.

Volume [-] Youth Training
([-]) Chapters [-] to [-]: General planning for children's education and youth training

Chapter [-] City-state citizens should receive the same education.The city-state should establish a unified education system and formulate various implementation regulations.

Chapter [-] Educational subjects are either practical, moral or knowledge-based.Young people should learn practical skills, but don't let them indulge in the craftsman's skills and become infected with the vulgarity of craftsmen.

Chapter [-] discusses the four subjects of children's education: reading and writing (calculus) and painting are both practical subjects in life, and gymnastics helps to develop a courageous character.People in the world feel vague about the purpose of music education. Generally, music is used as entertainment and to relieve fatigue. In fact, the noble role of music should be to manage leisure.The same is true for painting. Children learn to color and shape, not only to construct images for practical use, but also to gradually develop aesthetics over time.Other subjects also include the teaching of cultivating good virtues in the imparting of knowledge and physical activities.

([-]) Chapter [-]: Gymnastics
Chapter 14 In the early stage of education, start with gymnastics.But competitive practice should be moderate.The Spartan-style education over-trains teenagers and makes them develop perseverance and bravery since childhood, but in fact it damages their physical and mental development.You should practice gentle gymnastics in childhood, study for three years after the age of [-], and start exercising when he grows up.

([-]) Chapters [-] to [-]: Aims and methods of music education
Chapter [-] Music makes people happy, and then cultivates their temperament and cultivates their soul.If the purpose is entertainment, you can enjoy it without self-study playing, but music education should aim at cultivating temperament and cultivating the soul.Pictures express things with lines and colors, and music reflects people's dispositions with rhythm and melody. The same is true for other arts, and music is the most realistic and can touch people's sorrows and joys. It has a particularly profound impact on the sentiments of teenagers.

Chapter [-] Music education has three themes: curriculum development, tone, rhythm, and instrument selection.As far as the curriculum is concerned, it is enough to develop the ability to appreciate, and there is no need to strive to be good at it.As far as musical instruments are concerned, it is advisable to learn string playing, and should not pay attention to flutes.

The seven tones and rhythms of the chapter can be divided into three categories: (1) develop character, (2) encourage action, and (3) inspire enthusiasm.Its effectiveness is also divided into three points: (1) education, (2) removal of bad emotions, (3) strengthening of spiritual cultivation.On different occasions, different people require different effects, so they should choose different tunes and rhythms.Juvenile education should cultivate moral character, and it is advisable to adopt a neutral and solemn Duli tone.The season tune of Fuli is sad and passionate, which makes the listener fanatic, so it cannot be regarded as a correct tone.Lydia is mild and good for children and old age.

(End of this chapter)