Poetry is innocent

Chapter 17 Poetry Classes (1)
The "Book of Songs" has three categories: one is Feng, the other is Ya, and the third is Song.There are four more points: the first is the national style, the second is Xiaoya, the third is Daya, and the fourth is Sansong.This kind of separation of divisions has been the case at the latest in the early Han Dynasty. The so-called "four beginnings" theory was born by virtue of this division method. It is obvious that there is no "four beginnings" theory without this distinction.However, how old is the theory of the four beginnings?The four beginnings of "Mao Shi" that I see now are in the preface to the poem, which says:

Therefore, the affairs of a country are the foundation of a person, which is called the wind.Talking about the affairs of the world, forming the style of the four directions, is called elegance.Elegance is politics, and it is said that the king's government is abolished and prosperous.Politics has size, so there are small elegance and great elegance.The eulogizer, the description of Messeder, is also the one who tells the gods with its success.It is called the four beginnings, the end of poetry.

This statement is not the Four Beginnings of Interpretation, but the name of the Four Parts of Interpretation, which obviously came later.The earliest four beginnings that we have seen today are in "Historical Records: The Family of Confucius":
There are more than [-] poems by the ancients.As far as Confucius is concerned, he discards the importance and takes what can be applied to etiquette and righteousness. He described the prosperity of the Yin and Zhou dynasties in the middle, and the lack of seclusion and sternness, starting with the mat.Therefore, it is said: "The chaos of "Guanju" begins with "Feng", "Lu Ming" begins with "Xiaoya", "Wen Wang" begins with "Daya", and "Qing Temple" begins with "Song". All Confucius sang songs with strings, in order to match the sound of Shaowu Yasong.Rites and music can be obtained and described from now on, in order to prepare for the kingly way.Cheng Liuyi.

This is the original theory of the Four Beginnings, not the stealing meaning of "Mao Xu".According to this, the person who knows the so-called four beginnings interprets more than three hundred chapters of a "Book of Songs" as a neat system.The origin is the end, if "Lu Zi" has twelve chapters, "Shuowen" has the beginning and end, and it is related to the meaning of deleting poems and the use of music and music.Those who make this statement think that the one who is so cautious from beginning to end is precisely the intentional preparation of Confucius, for etiquette and righteousness, for string songs, which is inevitable.

Now if it can be proved that the divisions of poetry are not originally divided into four, then the theory of the four beginnings must not be an ancient meaning, but was created by poets in the late Warring States period who were influenced by the systematization of thought at that time.Now explain it in the order of Feng, Ya, and Song.

wind

The so-called "wind" is a noun.This is an old saying of the people of the Song Dynasty, and it is now substantiated with evidence.

In Xiang 29 of "Zuo Zhuan", Wu Jizha watched Zhou Le Yu Lu, and the order of the poems he sang was similar to that of the current "Three Hundred Pian".Its article said: "Sing for Zhou Nan, Zhao Nan... for Song Bei, Yan, Wei...for King...for Zheng...for Qi...for Bin...for it Sing to Qin...song to Wei...song to Tang...song to Chen...from Nai down...song to Xiaoya...song to Daya...sing to it." This sequence is consistent with If it is found that the Mao edition (the Xiping stone scripture edition, inferred from the remnants of the stones that have been seen today, is no different from the Mao edition) in this respect, Zhounan and Zhaonan cannot be divided into two. "Bei", "Yuan" and "Wei" are not divided into three parts, and the corruption of later generations' "Book of Songs" can be seen in these places. "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan" are all mentioned together in ancient times, and there is no single one, and it goes without saying that "Bei", "Yu" and "Wei" are inseparable.

In the order of Youxiang 29, "Bin" and "Qin" are mentioned before "Wei" and "Tang". "Since the countries are in the back, it seems that the order of the "Poetry" is placed before most of the categories, and the small countries are in the latter; in this way, "Bin" and "Qin" are in the front, or the order is better than the order seen today.

The most noticeable thing is that there is no wind word in this record. The book "Zuo Zhuan" quotes "Poetry" as a metaphor for "Poetry" in hundreds of songs. The word "Feng" is only found in the section of Zhou Zhengjiaozhi in the third year of Yin Yin: ""Feng" has "Cai Fan" "Cai" and "Ya" include "Xingwei" and "Zhuzhuo." This section of the gentleman's rhetoric is all empty and perfunctory, and Liu Shenshu's decomposition must be used as an example. This should be empty words for future generations to add.In addition, in the two big books "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guo Yu", there is no word "Feng" in "Guo Feng", but the two terms Ya Song are often seen. Could it be that the word "Feng" was established later?
"The Analects of Confucius" gives us the same impression. "Ya" and "Song" are developed simultaneously, "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan" are simultaneously developed. ", the term wind has never appeared before.

That is to say, the text of "Three Hundred Poems" also gives us the same impression. In the chapter "Xiaoya·Guzhong", "Ya to the south", it is clear that Yanan is the same name, and Feifengya is the same name. "Daya Song Gao" so-called "Jifu's chanting...its wind is good", the wind is not the meaning of the so-called national style.The authenticity of Mencius, Xunzi, and Confucianism.He never mentioned the word "Feng" in his quotations from "Poetry".However, there is no doubt that the term "wind" has a rising meaning.At the beginning, there were a bunch of "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan", a bunch of "Bei", "Ying", "Wei", a bunch of "Wang", and a bunch of "Zheng". ... These are all equal to Xiaoya and Daya, although they are as big as "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan" which are "full of ears", and as small as "Cao Nan" which is "no ridicule from the juniper". "Although the size is different, its type is also the same.It is not that "National Style" is divided into such categories, but in fact such categories are different from each other.There is no word to unify it.We must explore the beginning of "Poetry", which is the original appearance of "Poetry".

However, what is the original meaning of the word "feng" and how has it evolved? Now it can be obtained and demonstrated.Fengzhe, originally referring to the lyrics, became a kind of tricky rhetoric in the Warring States period, and evolved into the style of a horse in the early Han Dynasty.Now describe this change in several paragraphs.

[-]. "Feng" and "satire" are one character. The radicals added to this type of official script are always written by Han Confucianists. This is a common practice, and the two characters "feng" and "satire" were originally one character, which is especially proof:

"Mao Poetry Preface": "So the wind." "Classic Interpretation": "Like a word. Xu, Fufengfan, I don't use it today."Also "wind, phoenix also". "Explanation": "He is like a character. Xu, the upper part is like a character, and the lower part is Fufeng. The annotation of Cui Lingen's collection, and the lower part is a satirical character. Liu Shiyun: Animals are called phoenix, Tuoyin said 'satire', Cui Yun: 'Use Things that feel the wind are called irony.'" Zuo Shizhao's five-year note: "This is satire." "Explanation": "This is also a style." If the wind is read like irony, there are many examples in "Han Shu Ji Zhu", The compilations of "Jingji" are as follows: "Shihuozhi"; "Yiwenzhi"; "Yan Wangyi Biography"; "; "Biography of Wei Qing"; "Biography of Huo Qubing"; "Biography of Sima Xiangru" three views; "Biography of Bu Shi"; "Biography of Yan Zhu"; "Biography of Wang Bao"; "The Biography of Chang Hui"; "The Biography of Bao Yi"; "The Biography of Wei Yuancheng"; The first part of "Biography of Yang Xiong", the second part; the second part of "Yang Xiong Biography", the third part; "Biography of the King of Southern Guangdong"; "Biography of the Western Regions" [-]; "Biography of the Empress of the Yuan Dynasty", second view; "Wang Mang Biography", second view, "Wang Mang Biography"; ; And "Later Han Shu · Cui Qi Biography" notes are also the same.According to this wind as a noun, irony (Fufengfan) as a verb, its meaning is the same.

[-]. Wind is a general term for poetry.

"Poetry Daya": "Jifu wrote a recitation, his poems are masterful, and his style is good." And "Xiaoya": "You may drink wine in pleasure, or you may be miserable. Why." Zheng Jian thought that "the wind is still blowing", and when it is not safe, it is called going in and out to chant, and then go up and drink with Zhan Le, and go down with Mi Shi not to be the opposite. "Chunqiu Fanlu" "'Wen Wang was ordered, and there is this success. It is both cutting down on Chong and making a city in Feng', and the wind of music." ("Wen Wang was ordered" in "Daya") "Lunheng": "'Wind' It’s like a yu, and the wind sings.” Press, this is the interpretation of the "Analects of Confucius" "Bathing is like Yi, the wind is like dancing yu, singing and returning", and then it can be understood.He Yan's note, the wind is cool, and Kui's reason is that Confucius can praise it after taking a bath and drying it on the high platform?

According to the above quotation, the words in "Poetry" are wind; when they are recited, they are called satire (verb), which refers to poetry in general, not just the fifteen kingdoms.Poetry is also named after wind, which also has success in the West. For example, Aria, which is called wind in Italian, is now called Arie in German and Air in French. Both are used as the name of a song.Poetry is famous for its style, which solidifies the nature of human feelings.

[-]. During the Warring States period, a kind of cunning words inherited the name of the wind.

"Historical Records Funny Biographies":
The King of Prestige was very happy, he bought wine in the harem, summoned Kun, and gave him wine.Asked: "How much can you drink to get drunk, sir?" Confronted: "I will get drunk after drinking a bucket, and I will also get drunk with a stone." King Wei said: "Mr. Did you hear that?" Kun said: "Before the wine is given to the king, the law enforcement is at the side, and the censor is behind. Kun is afraid to drink while bending down, but he will be drunk after a fight. If you have a strict guest, you will bow down and serve the wine in front of you. , time to give Yu Li, served with a cup of life for several years, drinking only two buckets to get drunk. If friends make friends and haven’t seen each other for a long time, they meet each other suddenly. , Drunken. If it is a state meeting, men and women sit together, drink and stay, Liubo throws a pot, attracts each other as Cao, shakes hands without punishment, eyes can't help, there is a faller in front, and a hairpin in the back, stealing music Here, you can drink eight buckets, and get drunk. At sunset, the wine is late, the honor is promoted, men and women sit at the same table, shoes are staggered, cups and plates are messed up, candles in the hall are extinguished, the host leaves his hair to see off the guests. At this time, Kun's heart is the happiest, and he can drink a stone. Therefore, it is said: "Extreme wine leads to chaos, extreme music leads to sadness, everything is the same, words cannot be extreme, and extremes will lead to decline."

Although Shi Gong records the original text, it is not a complete chapter, but what is recorded is the whole sentence, and it also contains rhymes. This type of article comes from a poetic style, but a mixture of prose and rhyme.

The irony here is a well-known tune, and it should be the word Feng according to the previous example. "Remonstrating with the wind" is like admonishing with poetry (a kind of deceitful word), which can be confirmed by the name of a kind of deceitful word in the Warring States Period.As for what the trend of seeking knowledge is, there are some materials in "Warring States Policy" and "Historical Records". The eight records of "Warring States Policy" Zou Ji compared the beautiful things with Xu Gong in the north of the city, and the 46 records of "Historical Records" Zou Jizi used drums and zithers to talk about the affairs of King Wei of Qi, all of which are leftover fragments of such articles.

In addition, Chunyu Kun recorded in "Historical Records" 74 is the person who said such things. Zouji and Chunyu Kun are the ones who "go in and out of the wind". .At this time, wind is no longer a poetic style of pure rhyme, but a kind of tricky words mixed with prose and rhyme.

The whole chapter of "Xunzi·Chengxiang" still has a whole chapter of deceitful poems, and only the "Warring States Policy" and "Historical Records" are left for such windy words.However, if we try to compare it with Meima Fu today, the original system can still be imagined.

[-]. Confucius already had the poetic theory of "thinking without evil" and "teaching it with politics". Mencius even combined "Poetry" and "Spring and Autumn" into a political philosophy system, and at the same time, the above-mentioned tricks are integrated. It is the meaning of each article to be used as admonishment.

At the beginning of the Warring States and Han Dynasties, Confucians saw such a "wind" of deceitful tunes, inherited Confucian political ethics philosophy, and naturally developed the concept of stabbing poems in the interpretation of poems, so "Zhou Daoque, the poet's seat, "Guanju" was written, benevolence and righteousness were late, and "Lu Ming" stabbed Yan", so ""Three Hundred Pian" should be used as a book of advice". "Guoyu" says, "Guo presents music, history presents words".

A kind of rhetoric, each contains a kind of meaning, such as the so-called Moral in Europe, which must have a long history. However, between the Zhou and Han Dynasties, the interpretation of "Three Hundred Poems" was so politicized, probably because of the deceitful words at that time. Named after the wind, but it is actually an allegorical speech. Confucianists use the present to measure the past, thinking that the work of "The Book of Songs" is like a deceitful poem.The poetics from Mencius to the Three Schools developed naturally.

[-]. From this point of view, the word satire and the word Feng are written in two vertically, and they are only one word. The original version does not have the meaning of "sarcasm and irony", which is an extended meaning of karma and fate. appender.

[-]. I suspect that words such as "lun" and "discussion" were originally a style of trick poetry or trick prose, and later turned into long prose.

"Zhuangzi·Equality of Things": "Outside of the Six Harmonies, the sage exists but does not matter, but within the Liuhe. The sage is discussed but not discussed. ; Discussion is called friendship; distinguishing is called comparison.It is like saying that in the external affairs of Liuhe, the sages preserve them but do not clear them up, and in the internal affairs of Liuhe, the sages enter them and clear them up rather than wrong them.These do not refer to the names of the style of writing, but although there are references to the style of writing here, the source of these names may be the transformation of tricky poems into rhymes. The text of "Nine Debates" still exists, but the text named after "Nine Debates" still has faults outside of "Nine Debates".

As for the name of the theory, Tian Pian wrote "Twelve Treatises" in the middle of the Warring States period, and his "Qiwu" is still in "Zhuangzi" today.However, this is a later meaning. The Analects of Confucius is named after the theory, which is the summary of the language. "Book of Jin·Shuxi Biography": "In the second year of Taikang...the tomb of King Anli of Wei was stolen, and dozens of bamboo books were obtained...."Analects of Confucius·Shichun", "Book" and "Zuo Zhuan" divination , Shi Chun seems to be the name of the book maker." The divination in "Zuo Zhuan" was popular at one time, at least in the "Book of Changes" popular in the Three Jin Dynasties, the teacher is the official, Chun is the name, and the person who passed the book immediately. The divination and divination in "Zuo Zhuan" are all rhymes and tricky poems, or is this the oldest use of the word "On"?

The word "discussion" found in "The Book of Songs", "or in and out of the wind discussion", should refer to the singing and singing, in this way, "do not do anything" below.Also "Zheng Yu": "Jiang is the successor of Boyi, and Ying is the successor of Boyi. Boyi can respect the gods and assist Yao. Boyi can discuss all things and assist Shun." Wei Zhaojie, "All kinds of things, herbs, birds, and beasts should be discussed so that each one can find its own benefit." This is a really incomprehensible solution.The first sentence refers to Boyi Neng Li, and the next sentence refers to Boyi Neng Le. He writes tricky poems to describe all kinds of things, and Chen Yili.Now see "Xunzi Fu Pian" and so on.

About the classical Chinese: In the Spring and Autumn Period, the name of a kind of deceitful poetry became a kind of prose in the Warring States Period.Now let's establish this hypothesis, and pass it on later to confirm or prove it.

[-]. The origin of the horse Fu style.Fu in the early Han Dynasty is by no means one category, and the "Han Zhi" is divided into four schools, which may not be enough to distinguish them.These Fu styles have their own origins. There are still many styles of miscellaneous poems in the Warring States period, and there are still many names of them today. I will discuss them in detail here without comparing them. Let me talk about the origin of Meicheng and Sima Xiangru's Fu styles.Of all the fus that survive today, only "Qifa" is a long novel, while "Zixu" is the most popular of Sima's Fu ("Shanglin" is actually separated from "Zixu"). The systems of these Fus can be divided into the following Count things:

([-]) Extravagant rhetoric.

([-]) It is not a poetic style, but prose, in which there are only sentences of Ye Yun.

([-]) There is always a moral (moral), no matter how extravagant the display is, it will always return to the right way in the end, which is exactly the same as Chunyu Kun's drinking, Zou Ji's not as good as Xu Gongmei's speech.

If we compare the style of this Fu with "Chu Ci", it is completely different from "Song Yu Fu", many of the words are the same, but the style is absolutely different.Mei and Ma Zhifu are all the customs of the Warring States Period. The words are taken from the line of "Song Yu Fu", and the style is based on the line of "Satire Ci", which has nothing to do with "Qu Fu".There must be some very interesting ones about Chunyu Kun's stories about Zouzi, but it's a pity that I can only see the outline of two articles now.

Because of the wind and sarcasm, I have said so much, it seems to be too far to go.However, it is clear that the word "feng" is not the name of the original category in "Three Hundred Poems".

Elegant

Confucianism in the Han and Wei dynasties interpreted the word Ya, and almost everyone who can see it today thinks that "the elegant is correct" (see the collection of "Jing Ji").However, the original meaning of Yazi was confirmed by Wang Boxhen's examination. "Xunzi Honor and Disgrace" says: "For example, the people of Yue are An Yue, the people of Chu are An Ya, and the gentleman is An Ya." Conversation." "Ru Xiao Pian" "Live in Chu and Chu, live in Yue and Yue, live in Xia and Xia", which is the proof.

In ancient times, the two characters of Xia Ya were interchangeable, so Ziya, a senior official in Zuo Liao and Qi Dynasties, wrote Zixia in the right chapter of "Han Zi·Wai Chu Shuo".Yang Zhuyun: "It is elegant to be upright and have virtue, which is not consistent with the above two sentences." According to Si Nian, "Xunzi" still has materials that can support this statement. "Wang Zhi Pian" says: "Sound is extraordinary. Elegant voices will be discarded." He also said: "Let the barbarians and di evil voices not dare to mess up the elegant." This is enough to explain the so-called elegant Chinese voice; the so-called upright, even if it has its meaning, is also an extension.This is compared to the so-called "Analects of Confucius" that "the words of the son are elegant, and the poems and books are all elegant."You Jue Ruan Yuanzhi said that Yayan is the official language, and "Erya" is the language that is close to the official language, which is fair and easy.And by examining the characters, the original characters of Ya and Xia can be proved by ancient Chinese characters.

The Three-Titan Stone Classic does not appear the word Fengya, but "Shuowen·疋" ("開" is the same as "Ya", the same below)" says, "The ancient texts think that the word is big in poetry", but "Three Tines" and "The Stone Classic" "The ancient and elegant characters must be very clear. The ancient texts of Xia characters in "Three Body", "The Book of Stones" and "Spring and Autumn" are that from the day to the word, it is one of the characters of Xia. If the sound is followed by the sound, and the day is added, it is clear that it is not a word of time sequence, and the phonetic sound is used The general rule of the word is that the sound training is just like seeking it in the word.

Ya is Xia, and Xia is China, but the "Da Ya" and "Xiao Ya" in "The Book of Songs" are both the time of the Zhou Dynasty and its scholars and people, so what has anything to do with Xia?This situation may seem strange at first glance, but it is a matter of course when you think about it carefully.

[-]. Both Chengzhou (Luoyi) and Zongzhou (Haojing) originally had Xia land. The Xia Dynasty area was based on the so-called East River, and the south was connected to the Luoshui River, and the west was connected to the Weishui River. Therefore, the east-west symmetry is called Yixia, with north-south symmetry, is called Xiachu, and the Duke of Qin at the end of Spring and Autumn said: "It's a barbaric Xia." My book "Ethnic and Ancient Chinese History").However, Xia Yuan's sect of the Western Lands, the two-week capital is among them.

(End of this chapter)