Poetry is innocent

Chapter 18 Poetry Classes (2)
[-]. The people of Zhou thought that they inherited the rule of Xia. In the "Poetry", they said: "I seek virtue, and I will do it in the summer", "There is no such border, but Chen Chang is in the summer."In the "Book", it is said: "Wei is the King of Kaowen, Ke Mingde and careful punishment, dare not insult widows and widows, mediocrity, prestige and prestige to the people, and use it to create Xia in our district" For the postscript of the manuscript of inscriptions, see the epilogue on page [-] of the second issue of "Anyang Excavation Report" (there are many printing errors in the text).

However, the poems of the Zhou Dynasty, from the geographical and cultural systems, should be called Xia Sheng. Although the dynasty was abolished, the name of Fangyu remained unchanged.In Judah's "The Book of Songs", Beiyu was originally not the title of the Marquis of Zhou Dynasty, and Hui Wei was also the name of the home country. Time has changed and the origin of music has not changed according to the home country.Music is based on geography, which has been the case since ancient times and today. "Poems" include "Daya" and "Xiaoya", just as there are "Zhounan" and "Zhaonan".The so-called "south of Yiya" can be viewed in this way, and there is no other superiority.

颂

The training of praise is tolerance, and his poems are dance poems. Ruan Yuan said that it is not easy.The detailed and clumsy book "Zhou Song Shuo" will not be repeated today.

As explained above, the divisions of all the "Book of Songs" are based on geography. Although the "Song" is a dance poem and the "Ya" proves the government of the dynasty, they all use the local country as the division.There is a phenomenon that cannot be ignored, that is, except for "Zhou Shi", there are no two kinds of poems in a country.Lu and Song had "Ode", but no "Wind". In fact, Luzhi must have poems other than "Ode", which is beyond doubt.That is to say, in the theory of "Zhou Shi", the King of Bin is in a different place, and the Ya and Nan are different.At that time, both kinds of music were used in the Zhou colony on the Jianghuai River, so it can be called "Yi Ya Yin Nan".Today, I will try to make a definition for each of the four names as follows:

"Daya" "Xiaoya" Xia Sheng
"Zhou Nan" "Zhao Nan" Nan Yin (The meaning of Nan is detailed in "Zhou Song Shuo")
The Civil Affairs of the Kingdom of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty

Poems of Bin's Poetry Zhou Natives' Poems of Those Who Garrisoned the East (see below)
the so-called Quartet

In the messy pile of so-called national customs, there are quite a few geographical clues to be found. "Lushi Chunqiu·Yin Chu" creates a section of semi-mythical sources for each of the sounds of the four directions. Such myths cannot be regarded as reliable history, but they can be used to distinguish the sounds of the four directions. The sound is different.Moreover, the four directions discussed here are somewhat in line with the so-called national style system, and now we quote the text of "Lu Zi" for comparison.

A. Nanyin

When Yu performed meritorious deeds, he saw Tushan's daughter, whom Yu did not meet, and went on a tour of the southern provinces.The daughter of the Tushan family ordered her concubine Hou Yu to live in the sun of Tushan, and the girl composed a song, which said: "Houren Xiyi." In fact, it was used as Nanyin.Zhou Gong and Zhao Gong took Feng Yan and thought that "Zhou Nan Zhao Nan".

The poems inspired by "Hou Renxi" are not seen in Er "South" today. However, people at the end of the Warring States Period must still know that Er "Nan" is the sound of the south, and treat it with the north wind. Only then can there be such an original theory of Nanyin .The second "South" is called Nanyin, perhaps it was produced by the popular music of the southern country. Zhou colonists in the southern country inevitably used their popular music. Perhaps the southern sounds were produced by the first-class vocal music of the second "South" during the Warring States period. "Lu Lan" It was reversed because of the circumstances at that time, but this cannot be proved.

B. Beiyin

There are two lost daughters in the Youji family, who are [-]% of them, and they must use drums for food and drink.The emperor ordered Yan to look at it, and the name was like a posthumous posthumous title. The two daughters fell in love with each other and fought for it. They covered it with jade baskets.The two daughters wrote a song, and they said at the end of the day: "Yanyan flies away." In fact, it started as Beiyin.

The poems that started with "Yanyan Yufei" (that is, Yanyan Yufei) are still in "Bei", "Yuan" and "Wei" (those who use a tune as a new word, the new word corresponds to the old tune) In the same range, otherwise it is impossible to sing. When you start to write poems, you will immediately start to write lyrics, especially the method of writing lyrics is strict, and you will be free to listen).It is "Bei", "Yuan" and "Wei" in "Poetry" are Beiyin.Also in "Shuo Yuan·Xiu Wen Pian", "Zhou is the voice of Beibei, and his death is sudden", and "Wei" is the song of the old Yin Dynasty.As for the location of "Bei" and "Yu", there are different opinions.

C, Xiyin

King Zhou Zhao's relatives will conquer Jing, and Xin Yumi is long and powerful, and he is the king's right.It also rebelled against the Han Dynasty, Liang defeated, Wang and Cai Gong ruled Hanzhong, Xin Yumi revitalized the land and the north, and rebelled against Cai Gong.The Duke of Zhou is the Xihe of the Marquis, and he is actually the eldest Duke (how the Duke of Zhou can be compared to the time of King Zhao is a half-myth for later generations).Yin Zhengjia moved to Xihe, still thinking about his old place, and actually began to use Xiyin.Duke Zhang followed Yin to Xishan, Duke Mu of Qin took Fengyan, and became Qin Yin at the beginning.

However, "Qin Feng" is the western sound. I don't know if Li Si's so-called "strike the urn, knock on the hou, play the zither and beat the belly" is the music of "Qin Feng"? "Tang Feng" seems to be close to "Qin Feng" in terms of writing, but very different from "Zheng", "Wang", "Chen" and "Wei", or it is also within the scope of Western Yin.

Ding, Dongyin

Xia Hou's family, Kong Jia, lived in Dongyang Mountain, and the wind was strong, and he was blind. Kong Jia was bewildered, and entered the folk house.The owner, Fang Ru, said: "Later, it will be a good day, and the son will be blessed." Or said: "The son of the invincible will surely suffer disaster." He took his son and said: "Who dares to think that there are more than one word?" Disaster?" When the son grew up to be a man, he cut off his feet and became the gatekeeper.Kong Jia said: "Woohoo, there is a disease, and I will die!" It is the song of "Broken Axe", which actually started as Dongyin.

Today, "Bin Feng" is the starting point for discussing Zhou Gong's poems based on "Broken Axe".It is suspected that "Bin Feng" is the result of Duke Zhou's colonization to the east, and the ruling class of Lu used the old words of Zhou to adopt the poems of local music in Yanfang (this theory has been discussed in "Zhou Song Shuo").

Judging from the above, those myths are not reliable, but it can be seen that Bei Nan Bin and Qin have different lands, and their voices are also different.

E, Zheng Sheng

"The Analects of Confucius" speaks of Zheng Sheng, which shows the popularity of Zheng Sheng at that time.Li Si's "Shang Qin King Book": "Zheng Wei Sangjian... the joy of a foreign country, now abandon the game of fou and take Zheng Wei." I don't know if Zheng came from Wei?During Qin Shihuang's time, Zheng Sheng was still so powerful, and Liu Ji proclaimed himself emperor.As for the release of Zheng Sheng by Emperor Ai, I am afraid it is no longer the Zheng Sheng of the Warring States Period.

self, other

The people of Qi love religion (see "Hanshu·Jiaosi Zhi"), make extravagant remarks (see "Historical Records·Mencius Zouzi Biography"), can discuss politics (see Yan Zhushu), "a great country", and Qi Heavy music name.However, there are not many Qi poems in "Shi Feng", except for a few love poems, that is, those about Huan Jiang, which may not be enough to represent Qi poems.

"Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan"

"Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan" are all poems of the southern country, and there are no poems of Qi Zhou.

Those in the south, from the river to the south, as for the Jianghan region, the culture in the lower half of the Western Zhou Dynasty was very high, and the Zhou Dynasty built many countries there.Those within the state of Zhou are called Zhou Nan, and those outside Zhou Ji who are ruled by Fang Bo are called Zhao Nan.The Southern Kingdom called Zhao because of calling Bohu.Zhao Bohu was the Fangbo of King Li, the minister of the Republican Administration, and the man who protected King Xuan and established him.Although this area was a colony of the Zhou Dynasty, because of its prosperity, it became the center of culture when the sound religion was at its peak in the Western Zhou Dynasty.The humanities in this place are very beautiful, until after the Jingman was wiped out, there was still some culture of learning and writing.

Confucius said that "the southerners have words", and he met some thoughtful and pessimistic people in the area of ​​Chencaichu. live in".These Southern Kingdoms were the highest point of culture in the Zongzhou era. At that time, the Zhou border west of Weihan was not as large as that east of Weihan. , and those who are neighbors of Sandi should not be far from Haojing, and they have already become kings. I don’t know if there is any territory in Hanzhong, but of course there is no territory in Bashu. If it is Guandong, there is Hedong in the north, and the river in the south is more than two thousand miles from north to south.) .

We especially feel that the Southern Kingdom was the most prosperous in the later years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Part of the Southern Kingdom was originally the territory of Zhuxia. Initiating some new lands (such as Tuo Tu Nanfu recorded in Da and Xiao "Ya"), a kind of outstanding culture will naturally occur, so the family life of local literati and bureaucrats, "drum bell Qinqin, drum zither, drum qin, and sheng chime are homonymous." .To the south of Ya, to be not tyrannical". "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan" are poems from this area, and "Daya" and "Xiao Ya" are also poems from this area, at least from this area. The higher-level poems are "Ya", and the lower-level poems are called "South".

The Southern Kingdom flourished at the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, so most of the poems "Ya" and "South" belonged to Yi Li Xuanyou, and the Southern Kingdom was cut off by Jingchu in the era of Lu Huanzhuang, so many of the poems "Ya" and "South" belonged to the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty .It is the sound of "sorrow and thought" after the Zhou family was in chaos.

The second "South" is completely different from other "Guofeng": the second "South" is not brilliant in literature, but rather involves ritual and music: most of the love poems for men and women are restrained (except for "Wild You Dead Prow"), the so-called " It is only applicable in the second "South", and the other "Guofeng" have nothing to do with physical music (except "Ding Zhi Fang Zhong"), just some emotional turmoil, without restraint of.

"Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan" are one topic, and should not be divided into two things, just like "Bei", "Yu" and "Wei". There is no distinction between the songs "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan".

class of poetry
The difference in geographical location is the difference in the music department, and the difference in the music department is the classification of the "Three Hundred Poems". As mentioned above, is there any other standard for classifying the "Three Hundred Poems"?It should be said that there are still several standards, but there are too few reference materials left so far, and we have no way to say the exact words.

However, there is one thing that can be pointed out, that is, "Song", "Daya", "Xiaoya", two "South", and other "Guofeng". A small part of "Daya" is similar to "Song", a small part of "Xiaoya" is similar to "Daya", and a small part of "Guofeng" is similar to "Xiaoya".Generally speaking, "Feng", "Xiaoya", "Daya" and "Song" are different; if we look at the chapters, there are differences between "Feng" (especially the second "South") and "Xiaoya". There are discrepancies between Xiaoya and Daya, and differences between Daya and Song of Zhou, but there is no discrepancy between "South" and Daya, or between Xiaoya and Song of Zhou.This is the so-called "serial distribution", as shown in the figure below:

Now try to use the place where it is used as a mark, which may hinder the following diagrams, but the meaning is only general, and the details may not be exhaustive.

[Note] Among the "Guofeng" below "Bei", "Yuan" and "Wei", only "Dingzhi Fangzhong" is similar to "Xiaoya), and the rest are folk lyrics, which have nothing to do with ritual and music (Wang Bai deleted the poem That is to say, "Dingzhi Fangzhong" is placed in "Ya". In terms of categories, it can be viewed in this way, but I don't know that "Ya" is the "Ya" of Zhou Shi Nanguo, and it is not compatible with "Beifeng").

Therefore, it is slightly uneven, but in general, we can say that "Wind" is the movement of the folk, "Xiaoya" is the movement of the Zhou family, officials and scholars, "Daya" is the movement of the imperial court, and "Song" is the movement of the ancestral temple.

order of psalms

Now I see that the second narration of "Three Hundred Poems" is absolutely unreliable. According to the meaning of the Four Beginnings, this narration should be unchangeable, at least from the beginning to the end.But this is the way that the later systematic philosophy integrated a collection into a theory of the five virtues of the beginning and end, which is unreasonable.However, since the scripture preachers believed that the order of the poems was unchangeable, there were countless mistakes. For example, among the several poems in "Daya" that can be referred to by the age, because there was a poem from the time of King You first, the later poems had to be all Count on You Wang.This problem has been seen since the people of the Song Dynasty, so I don’t need to discuss it further, but now I will discuss the errors of a few chapters in "Da Ya".

The era of "Daya" has a strong internal evidence.Ji Fu was contemporaneous with Zhong Shanfu, Shen Bo, and Fu Hou, which can be proved by "Song Gao" and "Zhi Min". "Song Gao" was written by Jifu who came to Shenbo, and his death chapter said: "Jifu wrote a eulogy, and his poems are Kong Shuo. Its wind is good, so I give it to Shenbo." "Zhaomin" was written by Jifu. Zhong Shanfu's death chapter said: "Ji Fu's recitation is like a breeze. Zhong Shanfu will always cherish his heart to comfort his heart." As for when Zhong Shanfu was from, it is clearly stated in "Zhengmin": "Four males Peng Peng, eight Luan Qiang Qiang. The king ordered Zhong Shanfu, the city is opposite to the east. Four males 骙檙, eight Luan 喈喈. Zhong Shan Fu Qi Qi, style Tren its return." "Historical Records Qi Family":
Gai Taigong died more than a hundred years ago (according to, the year should be regarded as the year, and the legend says that the Taigong was more than a hundred years old when he died), and his son Dinggong Lu Jili.Ding Gong died, and Zi Yi was established.Duke Yi died, and his son, Guigong, was established by his loving mother.Gui Gong died, and his son Ai Gong was not established in the next day (according to, before Ai Gong used the Yin system for the posthumous posthumous title of Qi Hou, it is not credible to say that the fifth generation of "Tan Gong" was buried in Zhou Zhi instead).During the time of Duke Ai, Ji Houqian ruled Zhou, and Zhou cooked to mourn Duke and established his younger brother Jing as Duke Hu.Hu Gong moved his capital to Bogu, and when he was king of Zhou Yi.Ai Gong's same mother and younger brother, Shan, complained about Hu Gong, because he and his party led Yingqiu people to attack and kill Hu Gong to stand on their own, in order to dedicate themselves to the duke.In the first year of Xiangong, he expelled Mr. Hu, and moved to Bogu to govern Linsu.In the ninth year, Xian Gong died, and Zi Wu Gong lived.In the ninth year of Duke Wu, King Li of Zhou fled to Yu, and the royal family was in turmoil for ten years. In the 24th year, King Xuan of Zhou was established. In the 26th year, Duke Wu died, and Duke Li Wuji was established.Duke Li was tyrannical, so Mr. Hu returned to Qi, and the people of Qi wanted to establish him, so they attacked and killed Mr. Hu, and Mr. Hu died in battle.The Qi people made Li Gongzi Chi the king, who was Wen Gong, and 70 people killed Li Gong.

By the way, King Li was established for more than 18 years, and then he left to run away, and the next year was the first year of the Republic.The ninth year of Xiangong, plus the ninth year of Wugong is [-] years, so the ninth year of Xiangong was in the reign of King Li, and Bogu, the capital of Hugong's migration, was in the time of King Yi, or at the beginning of King Li.Zhou Li Hu Gong, Hu Gong moved to Bogu, and then Zhongshan just ordered Qi to take the city to the east. At this time, this is the matter.When Xian Gong moved to Linsu, he killed Duke Hu who was established by Zhou.Zhou may not necessarily turn into the city of Linsu. "Mao Zhuan" used "the city is to the east" as "going to Bogu and moving to Linsu".However, these two things are also very close. It was not during the time of King Yi, that is, at the beginning of King Li. Besides, there was no matter of moving the capital of Qi, that is, we could not use other things as Qi, the city of Zhongshanfu.From this point of view, it is obvious that Zhong Shanfu was a man of the time of King Li.

"Guoyu" records that Duke Wu of Lu met King Xuan with Kuohe opera, Wang Lixi opera, and Zhong Shanfu admonished him.The establishment of Yigong Opera was in the 13th year of King Xuan, and Wang Lixi was the heir of Lu before him. Zhong Shanfu was an old minister in the early years of King Xuan (Zhong Shanfu also admonished King Kemin of Xuan, and the current version of "Guoyu" does not record the date).It is clear when Zhong Shanfu came from, and it is also clear when Ji Fushen Bo, who joined the court with Zhong Shanfu, was also clear, and this kind of poems praised at that time should also be in the time of King Li of Yi.This type of poem is not postscript at all, and it can be asserted in terms of textual meaning and function.

The poem "Zuomin" is to send Zhongshanfu away on a journey together, so it is said: "Zhongshanfu will go to Qi, and he will return home. Jifu recites, and his murmur is like a breeze. Zhongshanfu will always cherish his heart, so as to comfort his heart." This is really true. We have seen the earliest gift-answer poems.

Jifu was at the same time as Zhong Shanfu, Jifu was at the same time as Shen Bo, Shen Bo was also known as Fuhou at the same time, and was ordered by the king with Zhao Bohu (see "Song Gao" for both), these poems are very powerful, Xia and Xuan, these people are probably the ministers of the republic administration.That is to say, Mu Gonghu once hid King Xuan in his palace during the Yi Rebellion, and died on behalf of his offspring. The era is even more obvious.Therefore, an article in "Jianghan" can be in the Li Dynasty or the Xuan Dynasty, and the king among them can be the Li King and the Xuan King.King Li once took away the title of King of Chu, and then he conquered the north and conquered the city, conquered the city, and Huaiyi came to help. People from the South.

Some of the ostentatious poems in the big and small "Ya" can be written at the time of Xuan, some at the time of Li, and some at the time of the king of Yi.Since it is so obvious, why is the "Mao Preface" all added to King Xuan?It is said that this is because too much attention is paid to the order of transmission of "Poems": the first ones that were injured were returned to King Li, the later ones that were injured were returned to King You, and the middle sections that were flamboyant were returned to King Yi.I don’t know that although the royal family was in chaos during the time of King Li, the power of the Zhou Dynasty was not declining. The order of the "Poems" seen today must not be completely followed. In "October", it is said that "Zhou Zong is destroyed", these two poems are quite early in the chapters, so a "Xiaoya", most of them are turned into assassinating the king, and all the poems of song and music and words of blessing are regarded as Killed King You.As usual, every time the ancient books are moved forward, the big and small "Ya" are moved back. This is all because the order of "Poetry" is mistakenly taken as the order of the time.

"Daya" begins with "Wen Wang" and ends with "Zhan Ying" and "Zhao Min". "Zhanying" talks about the chaos of King You, "Zhaomin" talks about the shrinking of the territory, and Si Zhaogong opened up the prosperity of the Southern Service. The age of these two articles is obvious.Poems of this type cannot be postscript.As for the several chapters of "Wen Wang", "Da Ming", "Mian", "Si Qi", "Huang Yi", "Xia Wu", "Wen Wang You Sheng", "Sheng Min" and "Gong Liu", some of them are obviously postscript.Although some of them are not obviously postscripts, but comparing them with the words in "Ode to Zhou" that don't use rhyme, we can know that these chapters in "Da Ya" must be even later than those in "Ode to Zhou".For example, the chapters of "Dawu" and "Qingmiao" can reach Chengkang, and the poems of "Daya" should reach the middle season of the Western Zhou Dynasty at the earliest. "Da Ya" has called Shang a great business, and it says "Yin's master is not lost, and he can match God", which is not the words of "obeying the time and obscurity" (that is, "being weak and ignorant") in "Zhou Song". It is a peaceful coexistence with Zhu Xia.Also, Zhou's mother came from Yin and Shang, and the Yin scholars were all proud of offering sacrifices to Zhou naked, so the hostility with Yin was gone. As far as the first article of "Dang", it is actually to learn from myself, and the last sentence has explained itself. up.

"Daya" did not begin in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but ended at the end of the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Most of them are chapters in the second half of the Western Zhou Dynasty.Mencius said: "When the traces of the king die, the "Poetry" dies, and when the "Poem" dies, "Spring and Autumn" is written." "Theory, this is the so-called trace of the king, but it is really good. "Daya" ended in the time of King Ping, and there were poems of King Ping in it, while "Spring and Autumn" began in the first year of Lu Yinzhi and the 49th year of King Zhengping.

(End of this chapter)