Poetry is innocent

Chapter 8 "Ode to Lu" and "Ode to Shang"
The controversy over the interpretation of "Three Hundred Poems" is the least one about "Ode to Lu".I thought that "Song of Lu" was a poem of Duke Xi's time, and the three schools were the same as "Poems of Mao". ), even if you want to make a different statement, it is impossible.However, the three poems claim that "Lu Song" was written by Xi Si, the son of Duke Xi, and there may be no evidence for it. The chapter of "Gong" said that "the sleeping temple is full of joy, written by Xi Si", which is the praise of Xi Si in the "Ode to Lu", not the "Ode to Lu" written by Xi Si.Although the three schools have gained their era, they will lose it if they insist on naming the author.

Among the "Three Hundred Poems", except for "Chen Feng", there is no one who is later than "Song of Lu" ("Shang Song" is not far away), and "Song of Lu" is also the most abundant. "Song of Shang" is a time item of Duke Xiang, and Song Xiang died ten years before the death of Lu Xi, so "Song of Lu" and "Song of Shang" are of the same generation, and "Song of Lu" is later.

"Ode to Lu" imitates the traces of "Ode to Daya", but it is irrelevant to "Ode to Zhou". This also proves the difference between "Ode to Daya" and "Ode to Zhou". "Daya", so it is close to it; otherwise, "Lu Song" should be based on genre, and "Zhou Song" should not be partial to "Daya".

In the era of "Shang Song", the three schools said the same; "Historical Records Song Family": "At the time of Song Xianggong, he practiced benevolence and righteousness, and wanted to be the leader of the alliance. His doctor was examining his father's beauty, so he pursued the Taoism. Tang Gaozong Yin was so happy, wrote " Shang Song." "Han Poetry Xue Jun Zhangju" is also the same ("Later Han Shu · Cao Bao Biography" notes and quotes).Only "Mao Zhuan" has a different theory, thinking that "as far as Dai Gong is concerned, the rites and music were destroyed during the period, and those who were able to examine their fathers got twelve chapters of "Ode to Shang" from the Taishi of Zhou, with "Na" as the head."

This statement is consistent with "Lu Yu". "Lu Yu": "Min Ma's father... said... In the past, he was examining the name of his father's school businessman. The twelve "Ode" were written by Zhou Taishi, with "Na" as the head." These words are very strange: first, before the Han Dynasty I don’t know that there is a school book; secondly, the origin of this passage of “Ode to Shang” was published in “Guoyu” for no reason, and we feel that it is not the same.If you want to judge that this article is false, you should first distinguish three things.

"Ode to Shang" is a Song poem
People in the Song Dynasty called themselves Shang, and there are already examples in the bronze inscriptions (see "Jiguzhai Zhongding Yi Ware Inscriptions"). In "Zuo Zhuan", there are many such names (see Yan Baishi's research for details).As for "Ode to Shang" that cannot be a thing of the Shang period, it must be a thing of the Song Dynasty, Wang Jing'an discussed it in detail. Wang Jun said:
The death chapter of "Yin Wu" said: "Zhibi Jingshan, Songbai Wanwan." Mao Zheng said nothing about Jingshan. "Song of Lu" drafted this chapter and said: "The pine is the pine, and the cypress is the cypress." Since the ancient times, Jingshan has been the name of the mountain, which should not be like the theory of Dashan in "Yingfeng · Dingzhi Fangzhong".According to Zuo's biography, Shang Tang was ordered by Jing Bo, "Shui Jing Zhu·Ji Shui Chapter": Huanggou Zhiliu "north to the west of the old city of Jishi County, and north to Jingshan Mountain", this mountain is far from the capital of Tangsuo. It is not far from Beibo, and there is only this mountain to the north of Mengbo in Shangqiu.From Pan Geng to Emperor Yi, Shang lived in Yin Ruins, Zhou lived in Chaoge, all in Hebei; he built Gaozong’s temple, and could not cut down the trees in Jingshan, Henan; but Song lived in Shangqiu, only a few hundred miles away from Jingshan. There are no famous mountains within hundreds of miles, so it is advisable to cut down trees from Jingshan to build ancestral temples. This "Ode to Shang" should be a proof that Song poetry is not Shang poetry.

From the point of view of his diction, none of the sacrificial rites and institutional cultural relics recorded in "Yin Xu Bu Ci" can be found in "Shang Song". The names of the times are similar, and the idioms used are not similar to those of the early Zhou Dynasty, but similar to those after the middle period of the Zong Zhou Dynasty. This is especially important. "Bu Ci" says that the capital of the country is Shang, not Yin, but "Song" is wrong with Yin and Shang; This name is also different.Most of its sentences are similar to those of Zhou poems, such as "Yi Na" in "That", that is, "A Nuo" in "Hinoki Feng Xi You Chang Chu", "Ananda" in "Xiaoya Xi Sang", "Shigu Wen" "Ya Ruo" in "Long Hair" is also "revealing the false late" in "Long Hair", that is, "revealing the false without win" in "Yun Han" and "revealing the false in the next" in "Zhuangmin"; "Yin Wu" "There is a place to cut it", that is, "Jiebi Huaipu, the place where the king's teacher is" in "Changwu".Another example is "the time is exhausted and contentious" in "Liezu", which is the same as the sentence in "Jianghan";All the same ones are all poems written after the middle of the Zhou Dynasty, and "Zhaomin", "Jianghan", "Changwu", and "Preface" are all thought to be written by Yin Jifu. .

According to Wang Jun's statement, there are three proofs: first, Jingshan is in Song Dynasty; second, the title in "Song of Shang" is different from that of "Yin Bu Ci";[-]. Three or two certificates are definitely not suspicious, but one certificate is weak.Gai's "Poetry of Dingzhi Fangzhong" also has the words "Jingshan and Beijing". This poem is a poem by Wei Wengong and Qiu Shi.Fearing Jingshan is the meaning of Dashan, not necessarily a proper name. Although this proof may not be found, the second and third proofs are sufficient to prove that "Song of Shang" is more than a Song poem.

"Ode to Shang" is not as good as Song Xianggong
Wang Jun's conclusion that "Ode to Shang" is a Song poem is certainly accurate, but he thought it was in the middle of the Zong Zhou Dynasty, in order to conform to the theory that "Lu Yu" was examining his father's school in the Taishi of Zhou Dynasty, so Wang Jun made a statement. Often do not follow Kong Guangsen and Liu Fenglu's discriminating and analyzing ancient scriptures as falsified meanings, so they are deceived, and they dare not follow Han Yi's meanings, so it is unavoidable that it is said in "Lu Yu".Please say Shin Han. The first and second chapters of "Yin Wu" say:

Attack Bi Yin Wu and attack Jing Chu.Go into its obstacles and take a trip to Jingjing.There is the thread of Tang Sun.

Jingchu, the daughter of Victoria, lives in Nanxiang, the country.In the past, there was Chengtang. Since then, Diqiang, no one dared not come to enjoy it, and no one dared not come to the king, saying that business is common.

Jingman is called Chu, which is never seen in the "Three Hundred Poems". In the Western Zhou Dynasty poems, the people who attacked Jingman were called several times, but none of them were called Chu. Therefore, Jingchu was called the current event in the Spring and Autumn Period. This is a proof.

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the royal family was still strong, and the rites and music were conquered from the dynasty. The various wars described in "Daya" and "Xiaoya" can be used as examples. There is no possibility of defeating Chu envoys to enjoy the Song and Lai kings and Shang: this is the second proof.

"Historical Records Chu Family":
When the king of Zhou Yi was king, the royal family was weak, and the princes might not go to court and attacked each other.Xiongqu won the harmony between the people in Jianghan and Han Dynasty, so he launched an army to attack Yongyang and Yue to Hubei.Xiong Qu said: "I am a barbarian, and I don't share the posthumous title of China." He made his eldest son Kang the king of Juqin, his middle son Hong the king of E, and his youngest son Zhichai the king of Yuezhang.At the time of King Zhou Li, he was tyrannical, and Xiong Qu feared that he would attack Chu, so he also resigned from his king.Later he became Xiong Wukang, who died early.Xiong Qu died, and his son Xiong Zhihong stood up.Zhihong died, and his younger brother killed Shang Daili, named Xiong Yan.Xiong Tingsheng Xiong Yong. ...Xiong Yong died ten years ago, and his younger brother Xiong Yan was the heir. ... Xiong Yan died, the eldest son Boshuang Daili... Xiong Shuang died in the sixth year... and the younger brother Ji Lili was for Xiong Li... Xiong Li died, and his son Xiong Lili.Xiong Ke died in the ninth year, and his son Xiong Yili was named Ruo Ao.In the 20th year of Ruo Ao, King You of Zhou was killed by Quan Rong. ... In the 27th year, Ruo Ao died and Zixiong Kanli was born for Xiao Gan.Xiao Ao died in the sixth year, and his son Xiong Lili was born for the sake of taking a risk.Fumao... died in 27 years.Fen Mao's younger brother Xiong Tong killed Fen Mao's son Shang Daili, who was King Wu of Chu. ... In 35 years, Chu Fasui.Sui said: "I am not guilty." Chu said: "I am a barbarian. Today, all the princes are rebelling, invading, or killing each other. I have a poor armor. If I want to observe China's politics, I ask the royal family to honor my title." Please respect Chu, but the royal family will not listen and repay it. In the 37th year, Chu Xiongtong said angrily: "My predecessor was Xiong Xiong, the teacher of King Wen. He died early. King Cheng promoted my ancestor, and he lived in Chu with his son and son. Respect your ears." He established himself as the King of Wu, and left with his followers.So it began to exist in Pudi. In 51 years, Zhou Zhao Suihou, counted and established Chu as king.Chu Nu, betrayed himself with Sui, defeated Sui, King Wu died in the division, and the soldiers stopped.The king of Ziwen, Xiong Yuli, started his capital at Ying.

In the second year of King Wen, Fashen. ...Six years of defeating Cai. ...... Chu Qiang Lingling is a small country between Jianghan and Han, and all small countries are afraid of it. In the 11th year, Duke Huan of Qi was the first uncle, and Chu was also the eldest. In the 12th year, he defeated Deng and destroyed it. In the 13th year, he died, and his son Xiong Gongli was Du Ao.In the fifth year of Du Ao's reign, he wanted to kill his younger brother, Xiong Yun.

In the first year of Cheng Wang Yun's first year, he ascended the throne at the beginning.He sent people to offer the Son of Heaven, and the Son of Heaven bestowed on him, saying: "The chaos of barbarians and Yue in the south of Zhener did not invade China." So the land of Chu was thousands of miles away. In the 16th year, Duke Huan of Qi invaded Chu with troops and reached Xingshan Mountain. King Cheng of Chu sent General Qu Wan to fight against him with troops and formed an alliance with Duke Huan.Duke Huan did not enter the royal family with Zhou Zhifu, so Chu Xuzhi went. In the 18th year, King Cheng sent troops to attack Xu in the north, and Xu Jun thanked him, so he released him. In 22 years, cutting Huang. In 26 years, Britain was destroyed. In 33 years, Song Xianggong wanted to call Chu for the alliance.The king of Chu said angrily: "Call me, I will go there and humiliate him." Then he went to Yu, and then humiliated Duke Song, and returned. In 34 years, Zheng Wengong went to Chu in the south, and King Cheng of Chu attacked Song in the north. He was defeated and shot and wounded Song Xianggong, who died of illness. In 39 years... Jin Guo lost his son Yu in Chengpu.

Judging from this passage, Chu was once powerful when it was king of Zhou Yi, and later its king's title was cut for the sake of King Li.The words "Stupid Er Man Jing" and "Jing Man Comes Power" recorded in the Da and Xiao "Ya" all refer to the military affairs of King Li and King Xuan against Jing.Afterwards, Jing Man was on the decline, and the brothers fought in chaos, and King You rebelled, and they never took advantage of the momentum to attack the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.For several generations, Ruo Aozhen took the risk of "the blue thread of the road to open up the mountains and forests" (see "Zuo Zhuan" Xuan Gong 12 years), as for Xiong Tong (King Wu), and then went north to see China, cut the southern country, and died of the old Jianghan seal up.As for the era of Jin Wen, the rest is the Marquis of the Zhou Dynasty, and the remnant of Fang Bo is the soldier of Chu, and the Northern War is going on in the Jin and Song Dynasties.Li Xuanshi's attack on Jing was not participated in by Song's acquisition, and Chu had no possibility of contact with Song before King Wu and King Wen. Therefore, the person who attacked Jing and Chu in Song Dynasty must be Duke Xiang. , Absolutely no second person.This is the three certificates.

In short, Jing in the Western Zhou Dynasty was not called Chu, and the attack on Jing in the Western Zhou Dynasty was a royal affair. The same is true for "Poetry", neither of which is false.

Maybe the words in "Yin Wu" are very good, saying: "Take a look at Yin Wu, fight hard against Jing and Chu, and enter its obstacles. On the journey of Jing, there is a place to stop it, Tang Sun's thread." Ruohe used "Zuo Shi" "Historical Records" records that Song Xianggong did not win Chu, Huo Zhimeng humiliated himself, Hongzhi lost his master in the battle, and almost perished the country, Jin Wen rescued him, and then he did not perish.If Tang Sun is the Duke of Xiang, why is he so cheeky?The answer is: "Poetry" is boastful, and it has always been the same. That is to say, according to "Zhou Poems", it invades the pickaxe. , not Xingyang of the Han Dynasty); Xu Huai invaded Zhou and forced Luojing to carry on.However, the Southern Expedition and the Northern Expedition recorded in "Zhou Poems" only record the prosperity of the counterattack, not the strength of the invasion.Moreover, "Yin Wu" has one-sided words, and "Zuo Shi" also records one-sided words.

In the past, "Guoyu" should be collected by the three families of Jin for the princes or people who had been princes, and based on the legends of Jin and Chu.For example, in the statistics of "Guoyu" and "Zuo Zhuan", Jin is the most, followed by Chu, and Lu is next (there are many people related to Lu in "Zuo Zhuan", but they are all perfunctory scriptures, which should not be original). The small countries in Chu, such as Zhou and Zheng, came next, Song was rare, and Qiyou was small.In addition, "Zuo Shi" said that Jin and Chu were very good at speaking, and that Lu State had many chaotic policies. From this, we can know that the original "Guoyu" has many elements from Jin and Chu, and Song and Qi events may all be attached to other countries. Chu people record Song Xianggong It must be another word.

Now try to read the records in "Spring and Autumn", the meeting of Kuiqiu, Duke Xiang and Yan; the meeting of Xian, the meeting of Muqiu, and the meeting of Huaihe, all with Yan.When Qi Huanfu died, Duke Xiang attacked Qi with the troops of Cao Wei and Zhuju, and defeated Lu to make Qi difficult, so he succeeded Qi Huan's uncle.In the next year (Xi 19), he won the victory over Zi Yingqi, and made an alliance with Cao Renzhuren in Cao Nan.Over two years (the 21st year of Xi), the people of Song, Qi, and Chu were allied in Lushang.In the alliance of great powers, the people of Song Dynasty took the lead and seemed to be the leader of the alliance.In the autumn of that year, "Song Gong, Chu Zi, Chen Hou, Cai Hou, Zheng Bo, Xu Nan, Cao Bo allied with Huo", Xiang Gong was then bullied by Chu, and when they met in a car, the Chu people attacked and took charge of Xiang Gong.In the following year, "Song Gong, Wei Hou, Xu Nan, and Zizi attacked Zheng", in November of the winter of that year, and then lost to Hong.From this point of view, Duke Xiang once ruled the hegemony, but the "Spring and Autumn" in the torn court newspaper was not well remembered.Duke Xiang once sent the people of Chu to join them and become the overlord. Before the battle of Hongzhi, there may not have been no small victories against Chu.And if you look at it from the two generations before and after Duke Xiang, Song had a great relationship at that time.In the fourth year of Xi, "the guild Qi Hou, Song Gong, Chen Hou, Wei Hou, Zheng Bo, Xu Nan, Cao Bo invaded Cai, Cai collapsed, and then attacked Chu, which was second to Xing. Chu Qu came to form an alliance with the teacher, and an alliance with the Zhaoling".In the summer of the sixth year of Xi, "the guilds Qi Hou, Song Gong, Chen Hou, Wei Hou, and Cao Bo attacked Zheng and besieged Xincheng. In autumn, the people of Chu surrounded Xu, and the princes rescued Xu."In the seventh year, "Guild Qi Hou, Song Gong, Chen Shizi Qian, Zheng Shizi Huameng Yu Ningmu".In eight years, "Guild King, Qihou, Songgong, Weihou, Xu Nan, Cao Bo, Chen Shiyu, Zheng Shizi Huameng Yutao, Zheng Boqimeng".It was Qi Huan who fought against Chu, and Duke Xiang's father, Duke Huan, all fought with him. (At that time, Zheng had already surrendered to Chu, so Qi Heng's various associations, Zihua obeyed orders, and Zheng Bo did not come. Later, when Song Xianggong attacked Zheng, he also used Chu. , Take Zheng Erji and return.) After the death of Duke Xiang, the power of Chu was greatly expanded, Chen and Kui were defeated, and Song was attacked several times, and almost entered its country. The princes allied with Song.In the 28th year of Duke Xi, Jin Wen defeated Chu in Chengpu, and then China was not destroyed by Chu.It is the Jin Wen Dinggong, which is also due to the Song Dynasty.Between Qi Huan and Jin Wen, although Song Xiang was a small bully but did not die, the cause of Qi Huan, Jin Wen and Southern Barbarians was all participated in by Song Gong III (Huan Xiangcheng).Then the words "Fighting against Jingchu" can be said to include the alliance of Zhaoling.

If "Yin Wu" was written after the death of Duke Xiang, it could also be used to describe the battle of the city of Pu. "Yin Wu" only said to win the battle against Jing, but did not say that Jing and Chu would enjoy it.In short, "Chu Yu" is based on Chu, which is one way of saying, and "Yin Wu" is based on Song, which is another way of saying.In detail, "there is a gap in the book", which cannot be tested.

According to "Yin Wu", the national thought of the Song Dynasty was greatly developed in the Spring and Autumn Period. The so-called "Since the Di and Qiang, no one dared not come to enjoy it, no one dared not come to the king" refers to the ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty who surrendered to the Shang Dynasty.Jiang was published by Zhou himself, "Daya" "Jue Chushengmin, it is actually Jiang Yuan", "Lu Song" "Hehe Jiang Yuan, his virtue will never return".As for Di, it is doubtful that it is a different text of Di.

"Ode to Shang" is not a test of his father's work

According to legend, Zheng Kaofu was the father of Kong Fujia, Kong Fujia and Shang Gong were both killed by Hua Fudu (the tenth year of King Huan, 710 BC), and he was arrested and established (the second year of King Xiang, 650 BC) years), it has been 60 years, and the times are not connected.Therefore, "Historical Records" and "Han Shi" took "Song of Shang" as the time of Xianggong, but they thought it was the author who was examining the father.At the end of the Warring States period and the beginning of the Han Dynasty, people liked to find authors for poems, so part of the "Ode to Zhou" was written by Zhou Wengong (see "Guoyu"), "Ode to Lu" was written by Xi Si, and "Ode to Shang" was written by Zheng Kaofu. For those who are close to the time in the middle of the country, choose one to be the one.This is the attached meeting of the poets, and those who have no time to study the age in detail.

What kind of person Song Xianggong is, the "Spring and Autumn" family is completely different from the "Mandarin" and "Zuo Shi".

In the battle of Honghong, "Gongyang Zhuan" thought that "although King Wen's teacher is not an exaggeration".Everyone who remembers Xiang Gong's affairs is called it, and Xiang Gong is embarrassed. "Gongyang" was called "Gongyang" by Qi Huan, but not so much.Therefore, Song Xianggong is the number one idol of the "Gongyang" family.

"The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius" did not talk about Xianggong.However, Confucius called Guan Zhong Qihuan, and Mencius's theory of "Spring and Autumn", "the matter is Qi Huan and Jin Wen", and it is also said that "Rong and Di are Ying". Those who strive for Chinese culture are also.

Confucianism is closely related to the Song Dynasty, while "Guoyu" comes from the Jin Dynasty, which is not related to the Song Dynasty, and it is not the meaning of Confucianism, so its record of Xianggong is different from "The Book of Songs" and "Spring and Autumn".Liu Zijun took the material from "Guoyu" and thought it was "Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan". Wherever the meaning of "Gongyang" could be obtained but contradicted, he tried his best to contradict it. "Gongyang" has a very important meaning, such as the new Zhou Dynasty, the old Song Dynasty, and Wang Lu. "Zuo Shi Zhuan" has no righteousness to regard Lu as the king at all. "Zhou Zhengyue", and Zhou was regarded as the absolute, and it was not retrospectively described to King Wen.As far as its suppression of the Song Dynasty, let alone talk about it.

Therefore, "Ode to Shang" is an ode to Duke Xiang of the Song Dynasty, and the story passed down by the Confucianists is also the one that is consistent with the facts.By extension, there is the theory of examining the father's works, and it is also a small appendix for those who pass on "Poetry".Corrected Kaofu's work as a proofreader, and said it was a poem of the Shang Dynasty, which Liu Zijun took when he made a forgery. Incorporate a nondescript statement to prove the speaker.Liu Zijun added his own proofreading to the ancients, and forgot the difference of the times. This is how the three passages in "Ode to Shang" said.

Looking at "Ode to Lu" and "Ode to Shang", it can be seen that Qi Huan and Guan Zhong's career was prosperous, and Song Xiang and Lu Xi all talked about the glory of Duke Huan.Uncle Huan of Qi attacked Shan Rong in the north to rescue Xing Fengwei, and attacked Chu in the south. The soldiers of the princes of Chen were in Zhaoling.In the reign of Fang Lixuan, Xuan faced Wei, Xu Huai invaded Luo, and the north and south invaded China. King Xuan was able to protect himself but failed to settle down. Therefore, King You died in Quanrong.After Zhou Jidong, Chu expanded again, and Shen Xi followed Deng Jianghan's concubines, all of them were cut off, and they entered the Heluo area.After Qi Huan was established in the north, he led the divisions of the princes to prestige him. Although he failed to win the battle, Chu dared not accept the alliance.Lu Xi actually bowed to the alliance meeting with Duke Huan over the years, the campaign against Chu, went to Yan with his teacher, returned from the east, and turned against Xu Huai.

It is doubtful that it is said in the "Ode to Lu" that Huaiyi came to the same place, and Xu Fang came to the same place, it may not be because of the battle of Zhaoling's class teacher, Huan Gong helped start the operation.In the later years of Duke Huan, Xu Cong Zhu Xia, Chu attacked him, and Zhu Xia rescued him.When Duke Huan died, Song Lu coaxed Song Lu, Song Na Qi Xiao Gong, Lu Yi Na son without loss, Song defeated Lu.From then on, Song and Dong united Dongyi, mastered the alliance of Xia, fought against Chu, and Lu broke into Chu (in the 19th year of Xi, Lu and Chu formed an alliance. The one who broke up with Lu and became Chu, suspected that Xu Fang was determined by Zizhi, so far away In the last years of Duke Huan, Xu was turned into Zhongxia, and Chu defeated it. At the same time, the people of Chu entered Shu, and Shu Yihuai also ascended the country. Chu and Lu attacked Xu, and Lu's expansion of Xu Fang was easy. Lu Xi was for himself benefit, forget the righteousness of the Xia).If Song Xiang's main alliance fails, it may be because the concept of restoring Xia and Yin Shang is very hot, and the countries surnamed Ji are extremely unwilling, but they resolutely resist Chu and go north, which is what Qi Huanzhi dare not do, and follow Qi Huan's ambition , to open the career of Jin Wen, the biggest event in the first half of the Spring and Autumn Period.Ruo Xi started chasing after Qi Huan, and then became Chu after the rebellion, and was finally captured by Chu after the battle of Hong.Nai said: "Rong and Di are insults, and Jingshu is punishment." Yiyan is so thick.If the words in "Ode to Shang" are close to the words, in terms of emotion, there is no concealment of sincerity.

The hostages of the Song Dynasty are straight, so the fools are called the people of the Song Dynasty every day ("Zhuangzi" Song people Zizhangfu is suitable for all Yue, "Mencius" Song people have pity for their seedlings that are not long and pick them up), and the great historian commented on Lu Gong "The etiquette of bowing and yielding is to be followed, but how cruel are the actions!" Li Yun Li Yun, Le Yun Le Yun, Lu Dao's friendship, that's all.

(End of this chapter)