Poetry is innocent

Chapter 9 "National Style"

After the word "national style" came up

"Ya Song" is a noun that has already been used in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the word "Feng" came out later.

"The Analects of Confucius" only has "South" and "Zheng" and other names, and there is no general term for "national style". The "Book of Songs" has "Yi Ya to the south" in its own sentence, and it does not mention the word Feng. Those who mention the word Feng are not in the wind. .

"Zuo Zhuan·Xiang 29 Years" contains Wu Ji Zha's Guanle language, which is not as good as Feng Zi. It is just called Zhou Nan, Zhao Nan, Bei, Yan, Wei and so on.Dong Zhongshu, a Confucian of the Han Dynasty, also named "Daya·Wen Wang" as "the wind of music".The term "Guofeng" only exists in the chapters of "Book of Rites" produced by Han Confucianism.

Now each part of "Guofeng" is the communication songs and music of the various countries at that time. In general, it is called poetry (same as Yasong), and in analysis, it is called Zhounan, Zhaonan, Bei, Wei, Wei, Wang, Zheng, etc. It must be called wind, and wind is Gaiya.The mountains and rivers are different, the founding of the country is different, the climate is different, and the feeling is different. In the Spring and Autumn Period, people gathered together, which is roughly the same as what we see today, but there were no more songs and poems at that time. I am afraid that they will be passed down to the world like Yuefu in the Han, Wei, Tang, Five Seasons and Northern Song Dynasties. There are eleven ears out of thousands.

At the beginning, the style should be elegant, and then the style is used to meet the elegance, and the style is as good as the modern elegance. Later, the style became a noun, such as Du Zimei's "don't cut the fake body and be close to the style". carry on.

Quartet
As mentioned above, when discussing the national style, it must be regarded as the sound of the four directions, and then you can feel the difference between them. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: The Beginning of Sounds" created a section of semi-mythical sources for each of the sounds of the four directions. Such myths have no historical value at all. However, they can be used to distinguish the sounds of the four directions. group.Moreover, the Quartet mentioned here is consistent with the "Guofeng", please describe it separately.

A. Nanyin

When Yu performed meritorious deeds, he saw the daughter of the Tushan clan, whom Yu never met, and went to patrol the southern lands.The daughter of the Tushan family ordered her concubine Hou Yu to live in the Yang of Tuchuan, and the daughter made songs.The song said: "Hou Ren Xi Yi." Shishi was used as Nanyin.Zhougong and Zhaogong took Fengyan and thought it was "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan".

The poems inspired by "Hou Renxi" are not seen in the second "South".However, at the time of Lu Buwei, people still knew that the second "Nan" was the sound of the south, and it was treated with the north wind, so there was such a theory of the origin of the South sound.The second "South" is Nanyin, perhaps it was produced by the folk music of the southern country (the Zhou colonized the southern country, using the local folk music), maybe the southern sounds were produced by the first-class vocal music of the second "South" during the Warring States period, and "Lu Lan" "It was reversed because of the circumstances at the time, but this cannot be assessed.

B. Beiyin

There are two lost daughters in the Youji family, who are [-]% of them, and they must use drums for food and drink.The emperor ordered Yan to look at it, and the sound was like a posthumous pass. The two daughters loved each other and fought for it, and covered it with a jade basket;The two girls compose a song to the end.Said: "Yan Yan flies to you." In fact, it was used as Bei Yin.

The poems that started with "Yanyan Yufei" (that is, Yanyan Yufei) are still in "Bei", "Yuan" and "Wei" (those who use Yitune and Qi as new words, new words and old tunes, It should be in the same range, otherwise it will be impossible to sing. When you start a poem, it is actually the beginning of writing lyrics.It is "Bei", "Yuan" and "Wei" in "Poetry" are Beiyin.Also in "Shuo Yuan·Xiu Wen Pian", "Zhou is the voice of Beibei, and his death is sudden", and "Wei" is the song of the old Yin Dynasty.As for the location of "Bei" and "Yu", Mr. Wang Jing'an's theory is the most accurate, and the transcription is as follows:

Zheng's Poetry Book says, "Bei Weiwei is a land thousands of miles away in Zhou Dynasty of the Shang Dynasty. From Zhou City to the north is called Bei, the south is called Wei, and the east is called Wei."Take Bei as the land of Kinki. "Continued Hanshu·Junguozhi" is located in Chaoge of Hanoi County, and it is said that there is Bei State in the north, so Bei is considered to be in the territory of Chaoge.Among the Yi wares, there are many Beibo Beizi wares, but I don't know where they came from.In Zhangbojing, Laishui County, Zhili, Gengyin, Guangxu, several kinds of Beibo wares were produced. The rubbings I have seen include Ding Yi and You Yi. "Ding Wen" says that Bei Bo made a tripod; "You Wen" says that Bei Bo Be a guest and respect Yi.The north is the ancient Bei.The wares of Nanbo and the grandfather and brother from Yizhou were three brothers, and they were in the middle of Laiyi.

Looking at the conferment of Jizi North Korea at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty and the decree of King Cheng Sushen, it is known that the voice of Shang is far away to the northeast, so Bei's country should be far away in the north of Yin, and it cannot be sought after the rest of the dynasty.Since Bei is far away in the north of Yin, it is not appropriate to seek the territory of Yin. Yu said that the sound of 鄘 is similar to that of Yan. "Don't be as mediocre as fire"; Zuo Wen's biography "Yan Zhi" in 18 years, "Historical Records Qi Taigong's Family" and "Shuo Yuan Fusi Pian" also wrote "Mediocre Jobs", which is like Yan's. It's useless.The land was in Lu, Zuoxiang 25 years ago, "there is Yanzhong between Qi and Lu".The ancient scriptures of rituals in the early Han Dynasty came from Lu Yanzhong, which is all evidence.

Although it is a little far away from Beimo to Yin, it is the hometown of Yin. "Da Huang Dong Jing" says "Wang Hai entrusted You Yi", and under Mount Tai there is also the Eastern Capital of Xiangtu, which has been feudal since the Yin Dynasty did not have a world. They all quoted the ancient text of Jizhong, "Pan Geng moved from Yan to Yin", and Yan was also the capital of Yin, so they were all big countries after that.Wu Geng's rebellion, Yu Li who was aided by Yan, and Cheng Wang Ke Yin Jianyan were granted the title of Uncle Kang in Wei, Zhou Gongzi Boqin in Lu, Zhao Gongzi in Yan, and Taishi Cai's "Poetry" is still named after him. , which is called Beimei, but they all have eyes but no poems.Ji Zha watched Lu music and sang for it. Beiyao and Wei were not yet divided into three parts. .

C, Xiyin

King Zhou Zhao's relatives will conquer Jing, and Xin Yumi is long and powerful, and he is the king's right.It also involved Han, Liang Bai, Wang and Cai Gong's Hanzhong.Xin Yumi revitalized Wang Beiji, and counterattacked Cai Gong.The Duke of Zhou was the Marquis of Xihe, and he was actually the eldest Duke (how the Duke of Zhou could reach King Zhao's time is a half-myth).Yin Zhengjia moved his house to Xihe, still thinking about the old place, Shishi became the Xiyin, the eldest prince succeeded the Yin and lived in Xishan, Qin Gong took Fengyan, Shishi became the Qin Yin.

However, "Qin Feng" is the western sound. I don't know if Li Si's so-called "hitting the urn and knocking on the fou, playing the zither and striking the belly" is the joy of "Qin Feng". "Tang Feng" seems to be close to "Qin Feng" in terms of writing, but very different from "Zheng", "Wang", "Chen" and "Wei". I don't know if it is also in Xiyin.

Ding, Dongyin

Xia Hou's family, Kong Jia, lived in Dongyang Mountain, and the wind was strong, and he was blind. Kong Jia was bewildered, and entered the folk house.The owner, Fang Ru, said: "Afterwards, it is a good day, and the son will be lucky." Or said: "If you are not victorious, the son will be in trouble." He took his son and returned, saying: "Who dares to think that the remaining son Disaster?" When the son grew up, he cut off his feet with an axe and became the gatekeeper.Kong Jia said: "Woohoo, there is a disease, and I will die!" It is the song of "Broken Axe", which actually started as Dongyin.

Today, "Broken Axe" is used to discuss Zhou Gong's poems. In Bin, I fear that "Bin Feng" is the result of Zhou Gong's colonization to the east. On it).

Judging from the above, those myths are unreliable, but it can be seen that Bei Nan Bin and Qin have different lands, and the voices are also different, so the people of the Warring States regard it as a different source.

E, Zheng Sheng

"The Analects of Confucius" speaks of Zheng Sheng, which shows the popularity of Zheng Sheng at that time.Li Si's "Shang Qin King Book": "Zheng Wei Sangjian... the joy of a foreign country, now abandon the game of fou and take Zheng Wei." I don't know if Zheng came from Wei?When Qin Shihuang was still so powerful, Zheng Sheng was still so powerful, and Liu Ji proclaimed himself emperor.As for the release of Zheng Sheng by Emperor Ai, I am afraid it is no longer the Zheng Sheng of the Warring States Period.

self, unison

The people of Qi love religion (see "Hanshu·Jiaosi Zhi"), make extravagant remarks (see "Historical Records·Mencius Zouzi Biography"), can discuss politics (see Yan Zhushu), "a great country", and Qi Dole name.However, there are not many Qi poems in "Shi Feng", except for a few love poems, which are about Huan Jiang's affairs; I am afraid that this is not enough to represent Qi poems.

"Zhuxia" and "Guofeng"

The term "Zhuxia" is an important issue in ancient history. Let us try to find out what Zhuxia is and where it is located. "Poetry Zhou Song": "Mingzhao has a Zhou, and the order is in place. It contains the sword and the bow and arrow. I seek Yide, and it will be in the summer, and the king will protect it!"

Also: "Siwen Houji, I can't match the sky! Let me govern the people, and I won't be a bandit. There is no such border, and Chen Chang is in Shixia."

"The Analects of Confucius": "It is not as good as the death of the Xias to have a king in Yidi."

"Zuo Zhuan": "Ren Suju, Feng's surname is also, Shi Si Taihao and Youji's sacrifice, to serve the Xia."

"Xunzi": "A gentleman lives in Chu and Chu, and lives in Xia and Xia."

It is said that Xia, Shang and Zhou were divided into three generations. We know more about the history of Shang and Zhou, but too little about Xia.I don’t know how much basis Tai Shigong’s "Xia Benji" has in the history, but the word "Qi" is already equal to the first ancestor, and there are more legends about Yu and Yao and Shun. It is probably always later. Added by people.Qi's mother is the daughter of the Tushan family, or it is said that she is the same kind as Jiang Yuan of Zhou, and there is a legend in Yin Zhi, and the opening of Qi's summer may be due to the extermination of Gan Naida ("Gan Oath" has said five elements, and it is bound to happen) After that, it should be at the end of the Warring States period).

Xia's lineage is probably incomplete. According to legend, Xia's former domain was in the Fenshui River Basin, and his descendants were enshrined in the back hills, south of the Yellow River, not far from the Yin and Shang Dynasties.Also in Chen there is the Xia family, who suspects that the territory of Xia in its heyday encompassed Jin and Tang in the north, Shandong in the east, and Jianghan in the south.The country was destroyed by Nantang, but the cultural relics are still there, so the countries in this area are called Zhuxia.

Although the Shang eradicated the Xia, they took the culture of the Xia, or regarded themselves as the Xia, just like the Manchus entered Shanhaiguan, and they also called themselves China, calling themselves barbarians.The Zhou people entered China and "Zhouhua" China to a great extent. The feudal system was to expand the Zhouhua.

The words without rhyme in "Zhou Song" are very ancient. When it comes to Xia, the name of Xia is missing in the rhymed "Zhou Song" and the big and small "Ya". A few words to Xia.The general idea is that Wu Chenggong established himself, hid his swords and bows, and lived in peace with Zhuxia, which is very similar to the words of conquering China and resting with others.From this point of view, Zhuxia was a very commonly used term at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Until the end of the Warring States period, Chu was still facing Xia. Probably due to the development of Chu to the north, Zhuxia was shaken again. A part of Zhuxia remained, that is, the southern kingdom of Zhou, which was merged by Chu, and the wind of Chu changed to Xia.However, Chu Xia's name for Dang is still popular among the people.The fate of the word Xia in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties for thousands of years seems to be the same as the fate of the word Han after the Wei and Jin Dynasties.Then the south of Jin, the north of Han, all small countries are almost all vassals of neighboring big states in terms of power, but they have a long legacy in culture, or Zheng, Wei, Chen Hui, Cao, and even Tang, everything is different. The style of the nations may retain some of the old summers in terms of music theory.Carrying forward and strenuously is the face of the new country, and the sangjian on the Pu, the backyard of the Yushu, is the culture of singing and winning the country.

get up
The theory of six poems began with Zhou Guan. "Mao Shixu" said: "Poetry has six meanings, one is wind, the other is Fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is Xing, the fifth is elegance, and the sixth is praise." Since Qin Shihuang used six, Han Confucianism used six in everything For discipline, it cannot be five, it cannot be seven, and neither of the six arts and six books is exactly six.Six in the Han Dynasty and seven in the Buddhist scriptures became a kind of "sacred number"!Therefore, there is no need to stick to the six poems.

Roughly speaking, there are two types of six poems: first, the six poems are all called poems, such as "Zheng Zhi";

Mr. Zhang Binglin, a recent man, said that Fu Bixing is a poetic style, which was deleted by Confucius.The origin of Fu Bi Xing is a poetic style, and its theory cannot be easily explained. As far as I read "Three Hundred Poems", there is no Fu Bi Xing, but Confucius deleted it, so I don't understand the theory of deleting poems. It has been detailed.Zhang Jun also said that Fu is the style of Qu Xunzhi's writing, and his words are not trustworthy, and he said that comparison can be argued and understood, and it is very inappropriate to call Xing an elegy.Forcibly citing Zhou officials to discuss Xing, so that people can't feel relieved.There must be a reason for searching for the unique style of "Mao Zhuan".

I saw Mr. Gu Jiegang's article on this before, saying that Xingti is what later generations call "Xingxing", and there are still many ballads in Han Yuefu and even the current ones.According to the first sentence or the first two sentences in the original song, the following is my own. Therefore, according to the Xing style that Mao Gong used, the first two sentences are often related or irrelevant to the later ones.This theory is not easy.

Sometimes it is used as a standard tone for the purpose of invigoration, and if it is the same, how much relationship does it have.For example, "Xixi Gufeng" in "Bei" and "Xixi Gufeng" in "Xiaoya" are different in length, and they are both words of abandoned women. "Guanguan Jujiu" is similar to "Yongyong Mingyan", both of which are marriage words. "Swallows and swallows are flying, letting out their feathers" are equal to "male pheasants are flying, letting out their feathers", both of which are hurtful words.That is to say, "Yan Yan Xiang Fei" recorded in "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" is also a farewell, and the sound of "Broken Axe" is also difficult for personnel.So rise up the same but reject the different, or is it a change in the same tone?
(End of this chapter)