University · Moderate

Chapter 31 The Qi Family
[Original text]

The Master said: "The only one who has no worries is King Wen[-]! With Wang Ji[-] as the father, and King Wu[-] as the son, the father wrote it[-], the son described it[-], the Wu king Zan Da Wang, [-] Wang Ji, and Wen Wang's Xu, One uniform ⑧ and own the world, the body does not lose the name of the world, respected as the son of heaven, rich in the world, the ancestral temple honors it, and the descendants protect it."

【Note】

①Wen Wang: Refers to Zhou Wen Wang, the grandson of the founding monarch of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Gu Gong Dan Fu, and the leader of the Zhou clan in the late Shang Dynasty. His surname was Ji and his name was Chang. He reigned for 50 years.

②Wang Ji: The son of the ancient Duke Danfu, the father of King Wen, named Ji Lie, known as Xibo, was the leader of the Western princes during the Yin and Zhou Dynasties.Zhou Tai Wang, Gu Gong, father died, and Ji Lie succeeded him. He repaired the Tai Wang's legacy, devoted himself to doing righteousness, and passed it down to King Wen.After King Wen's son King Wu of Zhou came to the throne, he pursued Ji Lie as Wang Ji.

③ King Wu: The founder of the Western Zhou Dynasty.Surnamed Ji, named Fa, he inherited his father King Wen's behest, destroyed the Yin and Shang Dynasties, established the Zhou Dynasty, and established the capital at Hao (now on the east bank of Nanfeng River, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province).

④Father made it: refers to his father Wang Ji who created a foundation for King Wen.To make, to create.

⑤ Zishuzhi: Refers to his son Wu Wang inheriting the will of Wen Wang and completing the great cause of unification.Described, inherited.

⑥缵 (zuǎn): continue, inherit.Great King: That is the father of Wang Ji, Gu Gong and Dan Fu.The word "big" here reads "tai" in ancient times.

[-] thread: career.At this time, it refers to the unfinished achievements of the predecessors. "The Book of Songs · Lu Song · Gong Gong": "Zuan Yu's thread." Zan, inheritance, continue.

[-] Yirong Yi: That is to annihilate the Great Yin.Because "一" is the same as "箪(yì)", annihilation.Rong, big.Clothes, the misreading of "Yin".Zheng Xuan's note: "Clothes are read like Yin, and the sound is wrong. Qi people say that Yin sounds like clothes." According to "Shangshu Kanggao": "Heaven ordered the king of Wen to destroy Rong Yin." Win and conquer the world.

【Translation】

Confucius said: "Among the ancient emperors, King Wen of Zhou was probably the only one who was carefree! Because he had the wise Wang Ji as his father and the brave King Wu as his son. His father Wang Ji created a foundation for him, and his son King Wu of Zhou inherited it." His behest completed the unfinished business. King Wu continued the unfinished achievements of King Tai, Wang Ji, and King Wen, destroyed Yin, and took over the world. King Wu of Zhou’s righteous action of conquering the upper class not only failed He himself lost the reputation of being prominent in the world, but was respected by the people of the world as the emperor, who controlled the wealth of the world, enjoyed sacrifices in the ancestral temple for generations, and his descendants will continue to sacrifice forever."

[Original text]

"At the end of King Wu① he was ordered. The Duke of Zhou② became the virtue of civil and martial arts. The son is a scholar, buried with a senior official, and sacrificed to a senior official; the father is a scholar, and the son is a senior official, buried with a scholar, and sacrificed to a senior official. A period of mourning ⑥ reaches to a senior official; a three-year mourning reaches to the son of heaven; the funeral of parents, There is no high or low."

【Note】

①At the end: Old, referring to the old age of King Wu of Zhou.

② Duke of Zhou: A politician in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty.The surname is Ji and Mingdan, the same mother and younger brother of King Wu. After the death of King Wu, his son Cheng Wangsong succeeded to the throne. Because of his young age, the Duke of Zhou took charge of state affairs.Therefore, it is also called "Shudan", and because the fief is in Zhoudi (now north of Qishan, Shaanxi), it is also called "Zhougong".Duke Zhou once helped King Wu destroy Zhou. When King Wu died, King Cheng was still young, so he took charge of the government.His brothers Guan Shu, Cai Shu, Huo Shu and others refused to accept it, so they rebelled together with Wu Geng and the Dongfang Yi tribe. Duke Zhou sent his army to the east and put down the rebellion.After the Eastern Expedition, Duke Zhou enfeoffed princes on a large scale, and built Luoyi (in today's Luoyang, Henan Province) as the eastern capital. He also made rituals and music, and established rules and regulations. His remarks are recorded in chapters such as "Dagao", "Kanggao", "Duoshi", "Wuyi", and "Lizheng" in "Shangshu".

③Chasing the king (wàng): The descendants bestow the ancestors with the title of "king" and call them chasing kings.King, the usage of the verb, that is, to respect... as the king.

④reach: to, to.Princes: Refers to the monarchs of various countries who were entrusted by the emperor in the Western Zhou Dynasty and Spring and Autumn Period.According to regulations, the princes must obey the orders of the emperor, and regularly report to the emperor, and have the obligation to pay military taxes and serve.According to the rules of etiquette, its subordinate Shangqing should be appointed by the emperor, but within its territory, the ruling power has been held from generation to generation. "Guoyu·Zhou Yushang": "The princes in the spring and Autumn period are appointed by the king to treat their people." Dafu: Under the ancient monarchs, there were three levels: Qing, Dafu, and Scholars.

⑤ and: push and.Scholars: In the ancient Shang, Western Zhou, and Spring and Autumn dynasties, scholars were the lowest-ranking noble class.In the Spring and Autumn Period, most of the "scholars" were the retainers of Qing and Dafu, some had food fields, and some lived on salaries. "Guoyu·Jinyu IV": "Doctors eat towns, and scholars eat fields." Shuren: The title of agricultural producers after the Western Zhou Dynasty, its status is second to "scholar" and higher than "business Zaoli".The king of Zhou often used common people as gifts to his ministers.

[-] period (jī) mourning: the mourning period for the first anniversary.Period means a whole year.Funeral, funeral ceremony, refers to the etiquette of dealing with the deceased's funeral and offering food and kneeling and crying. It was one of the "bad rituals" in ancient times.

【Translation】

"King Wu of Zhou didn't accept the order of heaven to become the son of heaven until his later years, so he still has many things that he has not had time to complete. After the death of King Wu, Duke Zhou assisted King Cheng to achieve the virtues of King Wen and King Wu. As a king, use the etiquette system of the son of heaven to worship the ancestors, and implement this etiquette system to the princes, officials, scholars and common people. The etiquette regulations formulated by the Duke of Zhou: If the father is an official and the son is an official, the father If the father is a scholar and the son belongs to a doctor, the father must be buried according to the etiquette of a scholar and offered sacrifices according to the etiquette of a doctor. The first anniversary of mourning, pass As far as the doctor is concerned, only the emperor can use it for three full years of mourning. As for mourning for parents, there is no distinction between high and low, the emperor and the common people are the same."

[Zhu Xi Tips]

RightChapter 18.

【Translation】

Zhu Xi said that the above paragraph is Chapter 18.

(End of this chapter)