University · Moderate

Chapter 48
Confucianism has the virtue of bathing in the body, lying down when making a statement, being quiet and upright, knowing the superior, being rough and warped, and not rushing to do it; not facing the depths but being high, not adding less but making more; world governance is not light , the world is not depressed ②;There are such mavericks.

【Note】

① Alice: sound bridge.

②Ju: Sound lift.

【Translation】

Confucians bathe in morality, state their own suggestions and obey the orders of the emperor, be quiet and not rash, and stick to the right way.Facing lowly people, don't show your nobility; don't exaggerate your little achievements, but pretend to be a lot of achievements.When the world is in great order, let all the sages work side by side without compromising; when the world is chaotic, stick to the right path and not be discouraged.People with the same political views as themselves will not form a private party with him; people with different political views will not slander him.Confucian mavericks are like this. 【original】

Confucianism has superiors who do not submit to the emperor, and subordinates who do not serve princes; they are cautious and magnanimous;Its rule is that there are such persons.

【Note】

① Die: sound purpose.Corner: Yu Yu.

②锱: Yinzi.Baht: sound Zhu.

【Translation】

Some Confucians are not ministers to the emperor at the top, and do not serve the princes at the bottom; they are cautious and peaceful, but advocate tolerance, are strong and resolute, but good at communicating with others, learn extensively but know what to do; Character; even if the country is entrusted to him, it is regarded as a trivial matter, and he does not want to be a minister to anyone, and he does not want to be an official.This is how Confucianists regulate their behavior. 【original】

Confucianism has the same aspirations and the same side, and the same way of doing things; if you stand together, you will be happy①, and you will never tire of being with each other; if you don’t see each other for a long time, you will not believe the rumors;There are those who make friends like this.

【Note】

①Music: Music Le. ② row: sound apricot.

【Translation】

Some Confucians have the same interests, have the same direction, seek Taoism, and have the same way of thinking. Believe.Their actions are based on integrity and based on morality.If you have the same ambition as yourself, you will go further; if your ambition is different from your own, you will stay away.This is the attitude of Confucians to make friends. 【original】

A gentle person is the foundation of benevolence.Those who are respectful and prudent are the land of benevolence.Those who are well off are the work of benevolence.The grandson takes over ①, the ability of benevolence.Etiquette is the appearance of benevolence.The talker is the text of benevolence.Singers ②, the harmony of benevolence.Those who disperse are also benevolent.Confucianism has both of these things, but they dare not talk about benevolence.It respects those who are like this.

【Note】

① Sun: Tong Xun.

②Music: Yinyue.

【Translation】

Gentleness and kindness are the root of benevolence, respect and prudence are the quality of benevolence, magnanimity is the flourishing of benevolence, humility is the function of benevolence, etiquette is the appearance of benevolence, speech is the literary talent of benevolence, singing and music are the harmony of benevolence, Wealth and scattered things are the giving of benevolence.Confucianists have all these virtues, but they dare not say that they practice benevolence.Confucian respect and humility are just like this. 【original】

Confucianism does not fall from the poor and humble①, does not fill in the wealth and honor②, does not embarrass the king③, does not tire the superiors, and does not mince the ministers④, so it is called Confucianism.Confucianism is also presumptuously ordered by many people today, and Confucianism is often used to criticize it⑤.

【Note】

① Meteor: Yin Yun.Obtained: sound or.

②诎: Sound area.

③ En: Mix the sound, remove the sound.

④ Min: sound sensitive.

⑤ Criticism: Audio purchase.

【Translation】

Confucians do not suffer from embarrassment due to poverty, do not become arrogant and outrageous due to wealth, do not suffer from the embarrassment of kings, do not intimidate officials, and do not go against the Dao because of officials making things difficult for them, so they are called Confucianism.Now people's understanding of the naming of Confucian characters is false and untrue, so you often use Confucian words to insult each other. 【original】

Confucius went to the house and mourned the mansion. Hearing this, he added faith in his words and added righteousness in his deeds.

【Translation】

Confucius returned from Wei State to Lu State and returned to his home. Lu Ai entertained him in the mansion. After hearing Confucius' remarks, he spoke more faithfully and behaved more morally. He said, "I will never dare to You made fun of the Confucians."

Collection of Li Yun 【Original】

In the past, Zhongni and Yu Labin①, after finishing their affairs, went out on a trip to the temple②, sighing and sighing③.Zhong Ni sighed, Gai sighed Lu also.Yan Yan was on the side [-], and said: "How can a gentleman sigh?" Confucius said: "The way of the great way is also like the heroes of the three generations. Ability, trustworthiness and harmony. Therefore, people should not only kiss their relatives, not only their sons, so that the old will die, the strong will be useful, and the young will be strong⑤. , women have their own home. Goods are evil, they are abandoned on the ground ⑧, there is no need to hide them in oneself; power is evil, they do not come from the body, and there is no need to be for oneself. It is because the conspiracy is not prosperous, the theft and the thieves are not done, so the outsiders come It is not closed. It is called Great Harmony. Now that the Dao is hidden, the world is a family, each relative is relatives, each son is his son, and the power of goods is his own. The adults and the world regard it as a ritual, the walls of the city, the ditches and ponds are regarded as solid, and the etiquette is regarded as discipline; Monarchs and ministers, to be honest with father and son, to be kind to brothers, to be harmonious with husband and wife, to establish institutions, to establish fields, to be wise and courageous, and to make meritorious deeds. The purpose is to make use of it, and the army is born from this. Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Cheng Wang, and Zhou Gong were selected based on this. Among the six gentlemen, there is no one who is not serious about etiquette. He uses his righteousness to test his trust. If there are those who do not follow this, those who persist will go ⑩, and everyone will think it is a disaster. It is called a well-off."

【Note】

① and: Yin Yu.Wax: sound at first glance.

②Concept: Sound tank.

③喟: Sound ashamed.

④ Yan: Sound performance.

⑤ Long: sound palm.

⑥着: Sound officer, Tong widower.

[-] points: Yinfen.

[-] Evil: Audio service.The same below.

[-] knowledge: same wisdom.

[-] Executive: general momentum.

【Translation】

Once upon a time, Zhongni (Confucius) participated in the Lu State's year-end wax festival to gather hundreds of gods as a distinguished guest.After the sacrifice, he came out to visit the gate tower of Lu Palace, and heaved a long sigh.Zhong Ni sighed, probably lamenting that Lu State's sacrificial rituals were not complete.Yan Yan (Ziyou) followed Confucius and asked, "May I ask why you are sighing?" Confucius said, "I haven't caught up with the time when the Dao was popular and when the elites of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties were in power. It can be seen from the written records. In the era when the road prevailed, the world was owned by all the people. Electing virtuous and talented people to manage affairs, emphasizing integrity and dedication to friendship, so people not only respect and love their parents, but also love their children. , can love the world more, so that the elderly can spend their lives in peace, the middle-aged can use their talents, the children can grow up healthily, the widows, widows, lonely, and disabled patients can be supported. Men have their own jobs, and women have their own jobs. My own destination. Material materials, I worry that they will not be properly used if they are discarded on the ground, and they may not be stored in my home; intellectual and physical strength, I worry that they cannot be used from themselves, not necessarily for personal interests. Cherish materials, love Labor is all out of a public mind, so thoughts of wrongdoing and evil are naturally blocked and cannot arise, and activities of stealing and plundering will naturally not occur, so closing the outer door is just to keep out the wind and cold, and there is no need to bolt it tightly. This is called Great Harmony The world. Today, the Dao has disappeared, and the world is privately owned by a family. People respect and love their parents, love their children, and treat material wealth and labor from their own interests. Leaders regard wealth and power as Private property is passed down from generation to generation, and it is considered to be in accordance with the law of etiquette. In order to protect personal wealth and power, the city is used as a solid guarantee, and etiquette and justice are used as the discipline guideline. The etiquette is used to make the names of the monarch and ministers correct, the relationship between father and son is strong, and the brotherhood is harmonious , husband and wife have a harmonious relationship, use rituals to set up systems, establish fields, respect warriors and wise men, and all deeds are for the individual, so intrigues arise from this, and wars arise from this. Dayu, Cheng Tang, King Wen, King Wu, King Cheng and Duke Zhou are outstanding figures produced in such an era. None of these six outstanding figures did not act cautiously according to etiquette. During their reign, they used etiquette to demonstrate morality, examine integrity, identify faults, and imitate benevolence and love. , emphasizing humility, and showing the people the rules of life and conduct. If there are people who do not abide by this kind of etiquette and rules, even if they are powerful, they will be removed from their positions, and the people will regard them as a disaster. This is called a well-off world. "【 original】

Yan Yanfu asked: "Is this the urgency of ritual?" Confucius said: "Husband ritual ①, the former kings used the way of inheriting heaven and governing people's feelings, so those who lost them died, and those who gained them lived." "Poetry" Said: "Xiangshu has a body, but human beings are rude. Humans are rude, and Hu will not die ②." This is why the old husband's rituals must originate in the sky, confuse them in the earth ③, list them in ghosts and gods, and reach funerals, sacrifices, and shootings. , Royal, Crown, Faint, Chao, and Employment ④. Therefore, the sages show it with rites, so the countries of the world can get it and be righteous."

【Note】

① husband: sound support.

② Trent: sound boat.

③ Yi: music, general effect.

④ crown: sound through.Faint: The original character of marriage.

【Translation】

Yan Yan asked again: "Is the ritual so urgent?" Confucius said: "The ritual was used by the sage kings of the previous generation to govern human feelings in accordance with the way of nature. Therefore, if you lose the ritual, you will die, but if you get the ritual, you will live There is such a verse in "The Book of Songs Xiangshu": "Mice still have bodies, how can humans be rude? If you are rude, why don't you die quickly." Therefore, etiquette must be based on the sky, imitate the earth, and be juxtaposed with ghosts and gods. It is carried out in various activities such as funerals, sacrifices, archery, emperors, crowns, marriages, pilgrimage, and appointments. Only when the sages clearly show the rituals to the people can the countries under heaven be governed correctly.” 【Original】

Yan Yanfu asked: "Master's extreme words and etiquette, can you get it and hear it?" Confucius said: "I want to observe the Tao of Xia, so it's because of Qi, but it's not enough. I got "Xia Shi" Yan I want to observe Yin Dao, it is the Song Dynasty because of it, and it is not enough to sign it. I have "Kun Qian" Yan③.

【Note】

① and: sound fish.

② Qi: The sound starts.

③ Dry: Before the sound.

【Translation】

Yan Yan asked again: "Teacher, you emphasize the importance of etiquette so much. Can you explain it to me in detail?" Confucius said: "I intend to investigate the etiquette system of the Xia Dynasty, so I went to the Qi State, the descendant of the Xia Dynasty. Insufficient literature in China makes it difficult to verify. I only got one volume of almanac called "Xiashi". I intend to investigate the etiquette system of Yin Dynasty, so I went to Song State, the descendant of Yin Dynasty. Song State also lacks literature and it is difficult to verify it. I only got one book about the change of yin and yang, called "Kun Qian". I will investigate according to the content of "Kun Qian" and the chapters of "Xia Shi". 【Original】

"At the beginning of the husband's ceremony①, all kinds of food and drink began. He burnt millet and dolphin②, sweated it and drank it③, and sang the earthen drum④. , and said: 'Gao ⑥! A certain complex!' Then the food smells fishy and what ⑦, so the heavens look at the earth and the Tibetans. The body will decline, and the knowing qi is on the top ⑧, so the dead head to the north, and the living to the south ⑨, all follow at first.

【Note】

① husband: sound support.

② burnt: sound where.捭: Sound jolt.Dolphin: Yintun.

③Khan: Tone frog, same as Wa.Cup: the flat sound of splitting.

④蒉: The sound is fast.桴: sound floating, Tong 枹.

⑤ No.: Yinhao.

[-] Gao: Pitch.

⑦ Rice: verb, transliteration.Ju: Sound residence.Who: the familiar word.

[-] knowledge: same wisdom.

[-] Township: leading to.

【Translation】

"At the beginning of the ceremony, it began with eating activities. In primitive times, people put millet on stone slabs and baked it over fire, roasted piglets on fire, dug a small pit on the ground to hold water as a wine bottle, and held it with both hands. Drinking it, kneading mud to make drumsticks, and making drums with tile frames and skins, it is so simple that you can still pay homage to ghosts and gods. When a person dies, relatives go up to the roof and look at the sky and shout, saying: "Oh! !So-and-so, come back! "Calling the soul is ineffective, and then people fill the mouth of the dead with raw rice, and wrap some cooked meat in a straw bag and give it to the dead when they are buried. Just look at the sky and call the soul, and bury it in the ground, because when a person dies, the body falls into the ground, and the soul rises. Up to the sky. The dead all face north, because the north belongs to yin; the living all live facing south, because the south belongs to yang. People are doing the same now, and they all follow the original customs.【Original】

"The former kings did not have palaces. They lived in camps in winter ① and in summer in troughs and nests ②. There was no cremation, they ate plants and trees, the flesh of birds and beasts, drank their blood, and shaved their hairs. There was no hemp silk ④ , Clothes its feather skin ⑤. The later sages made works, and then repaired the benefits of fire, Fan Jin combined soil, thought it was terraces, palaces, and households ⑥, used guns to burn ⑦, used it to burn ⑧, and thought it was cheese ⑨; treat it Hemp silk is considered to be cloth and silk. It is used to nourish life and die, and it is used to serve ghosts, gods and gods. It all follows its first date ⑩.

【Note】

① Cave: Sound dry.

② Groove: sound increase.

③Ru: The sound is like.

④ Hemp silk: Liu Taigong said: "It is regarded as silk and hemp." Zhu Binyun: ""Family Language · Wenli Chapter" is being made as silk and hemp." The same below. ⑤ clothing: verb, sound benefit.

⑥牖: The sound is there.

[-] Cannon: Sound Robe.Vulgar package.

[-] Heng: Sound bashing, Tongcooking.Sunburn: sound to.

⑨ Cheese: Sound waterlogging.

[-] Shuo: Sound 槊.

【Translation】

"In the days of ancient kings, there were no palaces. They lived in dug earthen holes in winter and in firewood huts on firewood frames in summer. At that time, before fire was invented, they ate the fruits of vegetation, the meat of birds and animals, and drank the animals. Even the hairs were swallowed. At that time, they didn’t know how to use ramie and silk, so they wore bird feathers and animal skins. Later, the sage was born, studied the heat of fire, melted metal, poured it into models, cast utensils, and made clay. Blanks are used to burn bricks and tiles to create terraces, palaces, and windows, and to use fire to cannon, roast, boil, and roast various meats, to brew wine and cheese, and to process hemp fibers to weave and reel. Silk is used to weave silk, and people use all kinds of new material means of life to nourish life and death, and to serve ghosts and gods. The same is true for people now, and they all follow the original creation of saints. 【Original】

"So Xuanjiu is in the room, sweet wine is in the household①, rice is in the hall②, and clear wine is in the lower part. Chen Qi sacrifices, prepares his tripods and pedestals, arranges his zithers, pipes, chimes, bells and drums, and repairs his blessings ③, so as to descend to the gods with them. Ancestors, with respect to rulers and ministers, with respect to father and son, with brothers, with harmony between superiors and subordinates, married couples. This is called the inheritance of heaven ④.

【Note】

① □: sound cut.

②粢: sound agent.Di: sound body.

③嘏: Sound ancient.

④ Hu: sound protection.

【Translation】

"In later generations, according to the creation of the sage, the sacrifices are more standardized. In order to show that we will not forget the past, we specially set up a pot of clear water, named Xuanjiu, and put it under the north wall of the room; And the wine jar filled with white wine with a lot of dregs is placed indoors near Muroto; the wine jar with red wine with a lot of dregs is placed in the hall near Muroto; the wine bowl with dregs sinks [-]. The wine jar of Chengjiu with a slightly clearer color is placed under the hall. The thinner the taste of the wine, the older it was invented; Put the bronze tripod and meat tables for the boiled animals, and arrange various musical instruments such as qin, se, pipe, chime, bell, and drum, and revise the words for the master to offer sacrifices to the gods and the words for the gods to bless the master. The coming of gods and ancestors. Through solemn and solemn sacrifices, the identities of monarchs and ministers can be corrected, the kindness between father and son can be enhanced, the friendship between brothers and brothers can be harmonious, the minds of the upper and lower can be aligned, and the couple can get what they want. When this effect is achieved, it can be said to have inherited the heaven. blessing.【Original】

"As a sign of congratulations, Xuanjiu as a sacrifice, recommending its blood and hair, fishy as a scorpion, which one is confused①, compared with the banquet②, sparsely clothed with power③, clothed with thick silk④, sweet and sour as an offering, recommended for burnt Sunburn, the king and his wife hand over offerings to honor the soul. It is called Hemo. Then retreat and join Heng ⑤, body his dogs, hogs, cattle and sheep, and actually his gui 笾 bean soup ⑥. It is called Daxiang. This gift is also a great accomplishment."

【Note】

①Which one: The familiar character.Confusion: sound confusion, the same dish.

② Yue: Live sound.

③ Power: sound dense.

④ Clothes: sound benefit.Rolling: Slow tone.

⑤Heng: Sound bashing, Tongcooking.

⑥Basket: Yinfu.Gui: sound ghost.铏: sound punishment.

【Translation】

(End of this chapter)