University · Moderate

Chapter 49
"Draft good names for ghosts and gods and jade sacrifices. When performing sacrifices, the priests: I wish to use these good names in the speech to the gods, and tell the gods to receive the food. Use black wine to sacrifice, and wish the blood and sacrifices of the sacrifices just slaughtered. Mao Jian reported in the room, and then put the table containing the whole piece of fresh meat with bones, and the table containing the small piece of slightly boiled flesh and blood, in front of the recommended corpse one after another. Spread mats on the ground, and cover the mouth of the wine squat with burlap Gebu. The master and housewife put on newly dyed silk sacrificial clothes, offer wine to the corpse, recommend barbecue meat, offer sour wine, and recommend roast liver. The master and housewife offer wine reverently and alternately to please the ancestor gods. It is called "Hemo", that is, the spirits of the descendants and fathers and ancestors communicate with each other and become one. Then remove the meat from the hall and cook the unrecommended animals together. Cook the cooked dogs, pigs, cattle and sheep Cut them into small pieces from the joints, and put them in the meat zu according to the quality of the bones. Put the gui and gui for rice, the gui for dried meat, the beans for meat sauce, and the gui for soup with vegetables. The food packed in it is used to serve the corpse and entertain the brothers and guests of the same family. It is called filial report in the wish speech, and it is called the mercy report in the blessing speech. The gods of the father and ancestors are filially nourished through the corpse with rich food, and the gods of the father and ancestors are sent to the ancestors through the corpse. This is called great auspiciousness. The ceremony is now complete." 【Original text】

Confucius said: Alas for Yu Hu!I observe Zhou Dao, secluded and severely hurt.How suitable is Wu Shelu?Persimmon in the suburbs of Lu ③, indecent.The Duke of Zhou declined.The suburbs of Qi are also Yu; the suburbs of Song are also Qiye④.It is the son of heaven's business to keep.Therefore, the son of heaven sacrifices to heaven and earth, and the princes sacrifice to the country.

【Note】

① Yu: sound pollution, same tone.

② house: general pick up.

③覘: Emperor Yin.

④ Deed: Thank you.

【Translation】

Confucius said: Alas!Sad!When I investigated the system of the Zhou Dynasty, it was already destroyed by King Zhou You and King Zhou Li. Now, where else can I observe the ritual system of the Zhou Dynasty except the Lu State, which is the descendant of the Duke of Zhou?However, the state of Lu, as a vassal, violated the rites of the emperor, that is, offering sacrifices to the heavens in the southern suburbs and offering sacrifices to the ancestors in the Taimiao.It is also wrong to call Tianyu Yu in the country of Qi and Tianxu Qi in the country of Song, because the suburbs are the duties of the emperor.Only when the Son of Heaven rules the world can he offer sacrifices to heaven and earth, while princes rule an area, they can only offer sacrifices to the local gods of earth and valleys. 【original】

Zhu Gu dare not change his old age, it is called a big fake.Zhu Guci said that it was hidden in Zongzhu's history of witchcraft, and it was inappropriate, so it was called Youguo. □Jia and Shijun ① are indecent, and they are called tyrants ②.It is inappropriate for Mianbian soldiers to hide in private houses, which is called threatening the emperor.The officials have officials, the sacrificial utensils are not fake, and the vocal music is all there, which is also inappropriate. This is called a chaotic country.Therefore, he served as a minister in the public, and a servant in the family.Those who have been mourned for three years and those who are newly fainted will not be used for a period of time ③.Entering the court with worn-out clothes, and living with servants on the same level, is inappropriate.Therefore, the son of heaven has land to deal with his descendants⑤, the princes have a country to deal with their descendants, and the great officials have harvests to deal with their descendants⑥. This is called the system.Therefore, the son of heaven is suitable for the princes, and he must abandon his ancestral temple, instead of entering it with the ritual book.The feudal lords entered the homes of their ministers without asking about sickness and mourning, which is to say that the monarch and his ministers are slander⑦.It is the etiquette, the king's great handle, so don't think of the subtlety, the ghosts and gods ⑧, test the system, don't be benevolent and righteous, so govern the government and secure the king.Therefore, if the government is not regular, the throne of the monarch will be in danger, and if the throne of the monarch is in danger, the ministers will be doubled, and the minor ministers will be stolen.If the punishment is severe but the vulgarity is low, the law is impermanent, the law is impermanent but the etiquette is out of order, and the etiquette is out of order, and the scholars will not do anything.If the punishment is severe but the vulgarity is poor, the people will not return.It is called the flawed country ⑩.

【Note】

①斝: sound armor.

② blasphemy: sound construction.

③Phase: Yinji, Tongchun.

④ Decay: Yin Cui.Chang: The sound is often.

⑤ place: sound pestle.The same below.

⑥ Mining: Yincai, Tongduo.Ruan Yuan's "Collation Notes" says: "The "Seven Classics Mencius Kaowen" quotes the ancient version, and the Ashikaga version has the word "di" under the word 'cai'."

⑦笑: Sound and blood.

[-] bridesmaid: Yinbin.

[-] times: through the back.

[-] flaws: the negative sound of magnetism.

【Translation】

Congratulations and Gu speeches have fixed formulas, and they dare not change their conventional and ancient methods. This is called a big fake: a great good deed.It is impolite to hide the congratulatory speeches and swearing speeches in the private hands of the person in charge of sacrificial ceremonies or divination: Zongzhu Wushi, this is called the dark country. □Hede is the precious wine cup of the former kings. It is indecent for princes to use this cup to drink wine and sacrifice their bodies during sacrifices. This is called impersonating the emperor.Mianfu, Bianfu, weapons, and armor are hidden in a doctor's house, which is indecent. This is called threatening the monarch.It is indecent to have officials who have no land, but officials, sacrificial vessels, and vocal music. This is called a chaotic state.Those who serve the king are called ministers, and those who serve the great officials are called servants.Those who encounter the death of their parents or newly married people will not be sent on official duties within the anniversary.During this period, if the ministers wear mourning clothes and enter the court, or live together with their own servants, regardless of their dignity, they will not go up or down, which is indecent.Therefore, the Son of Heaven has land to house his descendants, princes have states to house their descendants, and officials have land to house their descendants. This is called the system.When the emperor came to the kingdom of the princes, he must live in the ancestral temple of the princes. However, if he did not live in accordance with the regulations of the ritual books, it would be called the emperor's violation of laws and discipline.The princes did not visit the homes of the ministers for the purpose of asking about illnesses or mourning funerals. This is called teasing by the ruler and ministers.Therefore, ritual is a great authority in the hands of the monarch.It is used to distinguish between suspicions, to discern subtleties, to respect ghosts and gods, to establish institutions, and to distinguish benevolence and righteousness.Therefore, if the state government is not regular, the monarchy will be unstable, and if the monarchy is unstable, the ministers will betray and the minor ministers will steal.Severe punishments and harsh laws make morality corrupt, and laws and regulations will change and change.When laws and regulations change, the etiquette becomes more disordered; when the etiquette is disordered, the scholars have nothing to do.If the punishment is severe and the atmosphere is low, it will inevitably lead to the people's disapproval.Such a country is called a sick country. 【original】

The old ruler is the reason why you are hiding.It is the old husband's government must be based on the sky①, and the dice are used to bring down the fate②.Orders descended to society are called confusion, descended to ancestral temples are called benevolence and righteousness, descended to mountains and rivers are called prosperity, descended to five sacrifices are called institutions.The reason why this saint is hiding is solid.Therefore, the sage participates in the heaven and the earth, and also in the ghosts and gods, so as to govern the government.Living where it lives is the order of rituals; playing what it pleases is the rule of the people.Therefore, wealth is born from time to time, people are taught by their fathers when they are born, and the four are used by the king in a righteous way, so the king stands in a place where there is no fault.

【Note】

① husband: sound support.

② Yi: music, general effect.

【Translation】

Politics is what the king uses to support himself.Therefore, governance must be based on the law of Yin and Yang changes in heaven and earth, and follow the principles of heaven to promulgate government orders.The decree is issued to the shrine, which is called imitating the earth.Why is it called imitating the earth?The earth has various soils and different organisms. The shrines in specific regions that promulgate government orders according to local conditions are naturally adapting and imitating a certain function of the earth.Government decrees are promulgated in the ancestral temple, which is called benevolence and righteousness.How can the ancestral temple be benevolent and righteous?The ancestors of the past dynasties, in terms of kindness, ancestors are relatives to great-grandfathers, and fathers are relatives to ancestors, the closer they are, the closer they are; from the perspective of morality, ancestors respect their fathers, and great-grandfathers respect their ancestors, the farther they are, the more respect they have, and respecting ancestors and loving relatives is a political religion. Core.Government decrees are promulgated in mountains and rivers, called Xingzuo.Why is it called Xingzuo?There are various materials in mountains and rivers, and various utensils can be made.Government decrees are promulgated at the Five Si, which is called the system.Why is it called a system?Because the door, the door, the middle thunder, the stove, and the five objects have their own laws and regulations.The government decrees are promulgated so meticulously and properly, which is why the sage has a solid foundation.Therefore, the sages refer to and imitate the principles of heaven and earth, and compare and obey the spirits of ghosts and gods to practice politics and religion.If you deal with the things you have observed, you can get the order of etiquette; if you deeply experience the wishes of the people, you can realize the governance of the people.The sky can produce the four seasons, the earth can produce wealth, and people are born of parents and educated by teachers.The monarch can follow the weather, adapt to the location, understand the relationship between people, teach and make good use of the four.This is the reason why a wise monarch can stand without fault. 【original】

Therefore, those who are kings know what they know, and those who do not know people.The king is what is raised, not the one who supports others.The king is what he does, not what people do.Therefore, if you understand people, you have faults, if you support people, you are not enough, and when you serve people, you lose your position.Therefore, the common people are governed by the ruler, they are self-governing, they are supported by the ruler so that they can be at ease, and they serve the ruler so that they can show themselves.Therefore, they are divided according to the rites, and all people love their death and worry about their life.Therefore, use people's knowledge to get rid of deceit; use people's courage to get rid of anger; use people's benevolence to get rid of greed.There is trouble in the old country, the death of the king is called righteousness, and the death of a doctor is called change④.

【Note】

① Ze: Zheng Xuanyun: "Then it is regarded as Ming."

② Points: Sound Fen.

③Knowledge: same wisdom.

④ Change: Zheng Xuanyun: "Change should be debated, and the sound is wrong."

【Translation】

The king is what the people respect and imitate, not the one who respects and imitates the people; the king is what the people support, not the one who supports the people;If the king imitates the people, deviations will inevitably occur; if the king supports the people, he will naturally have insufficient financial resources; if the king serves the people, he will lose his throne.The common people imitate the king of France in order to cultivate their own character; they support the king in order to stabilize their lives; they serve the king in order to demonstrate their duties.The etiquette system centered on the rank of superiority and inferiority is implemented, and the status of upper and lower is determined accordingly.The upper and lower ranks are determined, even in special circumstances, as long as they are in accordance with the etiquette, they are willing to die;The ruler rewards the wisdom of his subjects and helps them get rid of hypocrisy; rewards his subjects' bravery and helps them get rid of their anger; rewards his subjects' benevolence and helps them get rid of their greed for personal gain.When the country is invaded by foreign enemies, it is just for the monarch to die for the country's territory and sovereignty; it is justified for the doctor to die to defend the monarch's ancestral temple. 【original】

Therefore, the sage regards the world as one family, and China as one person. He does not mean it. He must know his feelings, develop his righteousness, understand his benefits, and realize his troubles, and then he can do it.What is human affection?Joy, anger, sorrow, fear, love, hatred, and desire ③, the seven can be learned without learning.What is human righteousness?Father's kindness, son's filial piety, elder brother's kindness, younger brother's righteousness, wife's listening, Changhui, young obedience, monarch's benevolence, and minister's loyalty, these ten are called human righteousness.Talking about trust and repairing harmony is called benefiting people.Competing and killing each other is called human trouble.Therefore, the reason why the sage manages the seven emotions of people, cultivates the ten righteousness, preaches faith and cultivates harmony, respects concessions, and fights for them, how can he rule them by giving up rituals⑤?Food and drink men and women, people's great desires exist.In death and poverty, the great evil of man remains.Therefore, those who desire evil have a big heart.People hide their minds, and they cannot be measured.Both beauty and evil are in his heart, and he does not see his color⑦.If you want to be poor, why give up the gift!
【Note】

①Nai-: Gu Neng character.

② Pi: Sound must.

③Evil: audio service.The same below.

④Brother: The sound of "brother" is replaced, Tongti.Long: sound palm.

⑤ house: general pick up.The same below.

[-] degree: sound win.

⑦ See: sound line, the original character.

【Translation】

The sage can regard the world as one family and unite the whole of China as one person. This is not subjective.What is human affection?They are the seven emotions of joy, anger, sorrow, fear, admiration, hatred, and desire. These are instincts that do not need to be learned.What is human righteousness?A father should be kind, a son should be filial, a brother should be kind, a younger brother should be respectful, a husband should be affectionate, a wife should be obedient, an elder should be generous, a junior should be submissive, The ruler must be benevolent, and the courtier must be loyal. These ten ethics are called human righteousness.Emphasis on treating each other with sincerity and building a harmonious relationship is called human benefit.Competing and killing each other is called human suffering.The sage uses it to govern the seven emotions, advocate the ten righteousness, emphasize integrity, promote harmony, advocate humility, and eliminate competition. What better way can there be without ritual?Food, men and women are the greatest desires in people's hearts; death and poverty are the greatest abominations in people's hearts.Therefore, desire and hatred are two huge strands in people's minds.If people hide their desires and aversions in their hearts, others cannot fathom them.People's good and bad thoughts are hidden in their hearts and not expressed on their faces. If you want to thoroughly understand the thoughts in people's hearts, what better way can you do without the ceremony? 【original】

The old man has the virtue of heaven and earth, the relationship between yin and yang, the meeting of ghosts and gods, and the elegance of the five elements.Therefore, the sky is yang, and the sun and stars hang down; the earth is yin, and it is in the mountains and rivers.The five elements are broadcast at four o'clock, and then the moon is born, so it is full in three to five, and lacking in three to five.The movements of the five elements are exhausted one after another.The five elements, the four seasons, and the twelfth month are based on returning to each other.The five tones, the six rhythms, and the twelve pipes also form the palace.The five flavors, the six harmony, and the twelve food ③, return the phase to the quality ④.Five colors, six chapters, and twelve garments are also the quality of the appearance.The old man is the heart of the heaven and the earth, the end of the five elements, and the one who lives by food, taste, sound, and color⑤.

【Note】

①que: the same lack.

② also: sound suspension, with the same rotation.

③He: Yinhe.

④Returning phases as quality: Dai Zhenyun: ""Five Classics of Mathematical Sciences" was written as 'returning phases as slippery'. This quote should be an ancient version before the Tang Dynasty. Wang Yinzhi said: "The current quality is related to the following error. "

⑤Being: sound split, pass through.

【Translation】

Man is the embodiment of the basic qualities of heaven and earth, the crystallization of the sympathy between yin and yang, the gathering of ghosts and spirits, and the essence of the five elements.The sky is positive, and the sun and stars are hanging down, shining on the earth.The land is negative, and the riverbed of the valley presents many depressions and caves.The sky, yang, earth and yin cooperate to spread the five elements of gold, wood, water, fire and earth in the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter.The five elements and the four seasons are harmonious and even, and then the moon appears in accordance with the time, so that the moon can be perfect in the first [-] days, and gradually disappear in the next [-] days.The five elements circulate, flourishing and exhausting in turn, like winter is water, spring is wood, when wood is prosperous, water is exhausted, summer is fire, when fire is prosperous, wood is exhausted, autumn is gold, and metal is prosperous, fire is exhausted.The five elements, four o'clock, and December keep turning around, taking turns to be the masters.The five tones are Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng, and Yu; the six rhythms are Huangzhong, Taixu, Guxi, Ruibin, Yize, and Wushe; the twelve rhythms are Liulu plus six Lu are Dalu, Jiazhong, Zhonglu, Lin Zhong, Nanlu, and Ying Zhong take turns as the main tune.Five flavors and six seasonings are used in four seasons and twelve months, and they also take turns as the main flavor.The five colors of blue, red, yellow, white, and black, and the five colors plus black are grouped into six chapters, and the clothes made of four seasons and December also take turns as the main colors of the seasons.Therefore, man is the heart of heaven and earth, the head of the five elements, man is the spirit of all things who can reconcile and taste all kinds of tastes, create and distinguish all kinds of tones, make and wear all kinds of clothes and live in the world. 【original】

Therefore, the sage must take the heaven and the earth as the basis, the yin and yang as the end, the four seasons as the handle, the sun and stars as the discipline, the moon as the quantity, the ghosts and gods as the disciples, the five elements as the quality, the ritual and righteousness as the instrument, and the human feelings as the field. The spirit is regarded as an animal.Taking heaven and earth as the foundation, old things can be cited.With yin and yang as the end, the story can be seen.Taking the four seasons as the handle, the story can be persuaded.Taking the sun and stars as the record, stories can be listed.The moon is thought of as quantity, so there is art in merit.Ghosts and gods believe that they are disciples, and stories have rules.The five elements are the quality, and the story can be repeated.Etiquette and righteousness are regarded as instruments, and stories can be tested.Human feelings are regarded as fields, and old people regard them as mysterious.The four spirits are regarded as animals, so there are reasons for eating and drinking.

【Note】

① Livestock: sound place.

【Translation】

Therefore, when the sage formulates laws and regulations, he must take heaven and earth as the basis, Yin and Yang as the main principles, the four seasons as the handle, the sun and the stars as the guidelines, the months as limits, ghosts and gods as meres, the five elements as materials, etiquette and righteousness as utensils, and human feelings as fields. , the four spirits thought it was domestic animals.With heaven and earth as the foundation, all things can flourish; with yin and yang as the big end, you can see both positive and negative situations clearly; with the four seasons as the handle, you can work hard; with the sun and stars as the discipline, so you can do things It can be arranged in an orderly manner; the month is considered to be limited, so there is a time limit for achievements; It can be practiced and achieved; human feelings are regarded as fields, so people become important objects.The four spirits thought they were domestic animals, so they had a source of food. 【original】

What are the four spirits?Phosphine, phoenix, tortoise, and dragon are called the four spirits.Therefore, the dragon is regarded as an animal, so the fish and tuna are not squatting①;Therefore, the former king Bingyao Gui ④, listed sacrifices, 瘗缯 ⑤, proclaimed and congratulated the speeches, set up a system, so the country has rites, officials have royals, affairs have duties, and rites are orderly.

【Note】

① Tuna: Yinwei.淰: Sound review.

(End of this chapter)