University · Moderate

Chapter 50
②獝: Yin Xu.Qian Daxin said: "The original name of "Shi Wen" is '蟊', and the annotations and quotations of "Zhou Li · Da Si Le" are also called '矞'. It is a mistake to follow the dog."

③Marmoset: The sound is more.

④ Achillea: Musician.

⑤ 瘗: sound benefit.缯: sound increase.

【Translation】

What are the four spirits?Lin, phoenix, tortoise, and dragon are called four spirits.Beasts have lins as their heads, birds have phoenixes as their heads, turtles have tortoises as their heads, and scales have dragons as their heads.If you take the dragon as your domestic animal, big fish and small fish will not be frightened; if you use the phoenix as your domestic animal, the birds will not fly in fear; lost.Therefore, the ancient kings held the yarrow stems and tortoise shells used for divination, arranged sacrifices, buried coins and silk, read out the speeches of wishes and blessings, and established various systems, so that the state has a ritual system, officials have a unified management, affairs have special duties, and rituals are orderly. 【original】

Therefore, the former kings were troubled by the lack of rites, so they sacrificed to the emperor in the suburbs, so the heavenly position was established; worshiped the society in the country, so the land was benefited; the ancestral temple, so the benevolence; , so the ability also.Therefore, Zongzhu is in the temple, the three princes are in the court, the three elders are in the school, the king is the witch and then the history, and the divination and blind are all on the left and right.The king's heart is inaction, so as to keep it upright.Therefore, when rituals are practiced in the suburbs, hundreds of gods are appointed; if rituals are practiced in society, department stores can be extremely good; if rituals are practiced in ancestral temples, filial piety and compassion are served;Therefore, from the suburbs, communities, ancestral temples, mountains and rivers, and the five sacrifices, righteousness is cultivated and rituals are stored.

【Note】

[-] bridesmaid: Yin Bin.

② Divination: Musicians.Yu: Yinyou, Tongyou.

【Translation】

The former kings were worried that the spirit of ritual could not reach the lower level, so offering sacrifices to gods in the southern suburbs was to confirm the supremacy of heaven; offering sacrifices to earth gods in the country was to show the benefits of the earth's products; offering sacrifices to ancestral temples was to explore the nature. To express the love of human relationships; to sacrifice mountains and rivers to respect ghosts and gods; to sacrifice to the five gods of the gate, household, middle thunder, stove, and line in the palace to pay tribute to the ancestors who first created these necessities of life.Zongren and Zhu are in the ancestral temple to guide and salute, the three princes sit in the court and discuss the Tao, the three elders lecture on human ethics and principles in the school, there are wizards in front of the emperor to exorcise evil spirits, and behind him are historians who record words and events, decisive divination officials, music officials, and supervisors. The officials are on the left and right, and the emperor is in the middle, so as to maintain a pure and upright state of mind.Therefore, the ceremony is held in the southern suburbs, and all the gods in the sky enjoy sacrifices with God and receive their duties; The enlightenment of kindness can be implemented; rituals are held at the five sacrifices in the palace, thus ordering the rules of life.Therefore, a series of sacrificial offerings, from suburban heavens, shrines, and ancestors to mountains and rivers, and the five sacrifices, can be said to have cultivated righteousness and at the same time contained rituals. 【original】

It is the ritual of the old husband①, which must be based on the big one②, divided into heaven and earth, turned into yin and yang, changed into four seasons, and grouped into ghosts and gods.It descends to the sun, and its official is in the sky.Husband rituals must be based on the sky, moving to the ground, listing things, changing according to the time, and coordinating with the division of arts.Its residents also feed daily, and its activities are carried out by means of goods, resignation, drinking, eating, crowning, fainting, mourning, sacrifice, shooting, imperial court, court, and employment③.

【Note】

① husband: sound support.The same below.

② Big: Tongtai.

③ Crown: sound through.Faint: The original character of marriage.

【Translation】

From the general point of view of ritual, ritual must originate from Taiyi, that is, the boundless chaotic body with no division of heaven and earth.This oneness, differentiated in form becomes heaven and earth, and heaven and earth transforms into yin and yang in nature.The further changes of yin and yang will become the four seasons, that is, the yang changes into spring and summer, and the yin changes into autumn and winter.The four seasons rotate alternately, and there are various ghosts and gods in charge of the creation of all things in the sky and the earth.The decrees issued by sages in imitation of heaven and earth, yin and yang, four seasons, ghosts and gods are called ming, and this kind of ming follows the law of heaven and is derived from it.Therefore, the rites of the saints must be based on the principles of heaven, applied to the earth, divided into various human affairs, changed according to the four seasons, and coordinated in a certain division.Ritual is a kind of self-cultivation in the individual, while the practice of etiquette is manifested in various aspects such as goods, labor, courteousness, food, crowning, marriage, funeral, sacrifice, archery, driving, meeting, and asking questions. 【original】

Therefore, propriety and righteousness are the great end of human beings, so it is also the great end of human beings to talk about faith and repair harmony, so as to strengthen the meeting of the skin and the bundle of muscles and bones; it is also the great end of nourishing health, sending death, and serving ghosts and gods; it is therefore the great end of reaching the way of heaven and following human feelings. The big sinus also.Therefore, only sages know what is impossible for ritual.Therefore, when a country is destroyed, a family is bereaved, or a person dies, one must first go to the ceremony.Therefore, etiquette is to people like wine has a tiller; the gentleman is thick, and the villain is thin.

【Note】

① Mu: Yinbai.

② Tiller: Yin Nie.

【Translation】

Therefore, etiquette and righteousness are important matters in being a human being. They are used to seek integrity, maintain harmony and firmly regulate and restrict people's behavior. They are used to serve the living, bury the dead, and respect ghosts and gods. A huge channel to implement the principles of heaven and conform to human feelings.Therefore, only the sage knows that rituals cannot be abolished.All catastrophes that lead to the destruction of the country, the ruin of the family, and the destruction of people must be because people first abandoned ritual.Therefore, for people, etiquette is like making wine with music.If the music is thick and the workmanship is fine, the wine will taste mellow; if you cut corners, the wine will have a weak taste.If a gentleman is sincere, his courtesy will be profound; if a villain is shallow, his courtesy will be weak. 【original】

Therefore, the sage king cultivates the handle of righteousness and the order of rites in order to manage human emotions.Therefore, those who love human beings are the fields of sage kings, cultivate them by cultivating rites, sow them by presenting righteousness, cultivate them by giving lectures, gather them with original benevolence, and sow them with joy.Therefore, etiquette is also the reality of righteousness.By cooperating with all kinds of righteousness and coordinating, even though the rites did not exist before the kings, righteousness can be raised.Righteousness is the distinction of art and the festival of benevolence.Collaborate with art, talk about benevolence, those who get it are strong.The benevolent is the foundation of righteousness, the body of obedience, and the one who obtains it is respected.Therefore, governing a country without propriety is like plowing without stalks; doing propriety is not rooted in righteousness, it is like plowing without planting; for righteousness without teaching it to learn, it is like planting but not planting; teaching it for learning is not compatible with it. To use benevolence is like cowardly but not to be harvested; to combine benevolence without being restless for pleasure is to be harvested but not to be eaten;

【Note】

①耨: Sound nòu.

②耜: The sound is similar.

【Translation】

Therefore, the sage-kings study the fundamentals of justice and the order of etiquette to govern human emotions.Therefore, it can be said that human affection is like a field managed by the sage king himself. The sage king plows it by cultivating rites, planting it by explaining principles, hoeing it by giving lectures and discussions, restraining it with love, and making it comfortable and accustomed by playing music.Therefore, propriety is the fruit of righteousness.As long as etiquette is compared with righteousness and can be coordinated, then this kind of etiquette can be created according to righteousness, even if the ancient kings did not have it.Righteousness is the principle of distinguishing things and restricting love.A person who can use righteousness to harmonize things and use righteousness to distinguish benevolence is a strong man who is feared by people.Benevolence is the foundation of righteousness, the subject of obedience, and those who can achieve benevolence are respected by people.Therefore, governing a state without ritual is like plowing a field without a future.Making rituals without righteousness as the foundation is like plowing the field without sowing the seeds.Ritual making can be based on righteousness without in-depth lectures to distinguish right from wrong, just like sowing seeds without weeding and cultivating seedlings.Lectures and discussions without being able to unite the hearts of the people with benevolence and love are like weeding and cultivating seedlings without harvesting.Being able to unite people's hearts with benevolence but failing to cultivate people's minds through music is like harvesting food but not eating it.Achieving happiness and peace of mind but failing to achieve habit adaptation is like eating food but not being full of muscles. 【original】

The four limbs are upright, the skin and leather are full, and the body is fat.Father and son are loyal, brothers are harmonious, husband and wife are harmonious, and the family is rich.The law of ministers, the integrity of junior ministers, the order of official positions, the integrity of monarchs and ministers, the fatness of the country.The Son of Heaven uses virtue as his chariot, music as his ruler, feudal lords treat each other with propriety, officials order each other according to law, scholars test each other according to faith, and common people guard each other with harmony, and the world is fat.It is called Dashun.Those who are in good order, so it is common for them to maintain health, send for death, and work with ghosts and gods.The story is large but not garden①, parallel but not confused②, meticulous but not lost, deep and connected, lush but spaced③, connected but not connected, moving without harming each other.This is the best way to go.Therefore, if you are clear in order, you can guard against danger.

【Note】

① Court: Yin Yun.

② Miao: Tong Miao.

③ Room: sound construction.

【Translation】

The limbs are normal and the skin is plump, which is normal for personal health.Father and son are close, brothers are harmonious, and husband and wife love each other. This is a healthy and normal family.Ministers abide by the law, junior ministers are clean, officials are up and down in order, and monarchs and ministers correct each other. This is the healthy and normal state of the country.The Son of Heaven uses morality as his chariot, harmony and joy as his driver, princes treat each other with courtesy, officials work with each other in an orderly manner, scholars build trust with each other, and common people live in harmony. This is the health and normality of the world.This state is called Dashun.The society of Dashun is a normal society where people nourish their lives and sacrifice their lives, and worship ghosts and gods.Therefore, although a large number of state affairs are gathered in the front, they can not be backlogged and stagnant, various affairs can be carried out at the same time, but they can not be entangled, and small and small things can be carried out without being lost. Connecting with things without interfering with each other, doing several things at the same time without interfering with each other, this is the acme of Shun.Therefore, understand the true meaning of Shun, and then you can secure a high position. 【original】

Therefore, the etiquette is different, it is not rich, it is not killed, so it is also dangerous to hold on to love.Therefore, the sage kings are obedient, and those who live in the mountains are not allowed to live in Sichuan, and those who are not allowed to live in the central plains are not allowed to live in the central plains, but they are not.Water, fire, gold, wood, and food must be in season, men and women must be married, titles must be conferred, virtue, and people must be obedient ③, so there will be no disasters of floods, droughts and insects, and the people will not suffer from diseases of hunger and evil spirits ④.Therefore, the sky does not love its way, the earth does not love its treasures, and people do not love its emotions.Therefore, dew comes from the sky, sweet springs come from the earth, utensils and chariots come from the mountains, horses come from the river, the phoenix emperor and the unicorn are all in the suburban olives, the tortoise and the dragon are in the palace marshes, and the eggs of other birds and beasts can be seen from below. Also ⑦.It is for no reason. The former kings were able to practice rituals to achieve righteousness, and empathize with faith to achieve obedience. This is the reality of obedience.

【Note】

① Kill: Sound sun.

②Zhu: Sound cooking.

③ When: sound swing.

④ Evil: Yin Nie.

⑤ Pepper: Yinsou, Tongsou.

[-] marsh: to find the sound.

⑦ peep: sound helmet, same peep.

【Translation】

The etiquette system has various regulations due to the differences in the ranks of high and low. A certain standard of the etiquette system should be used, and a certain standard should be used, which can neither be increased nor decreased. Eliminate turmoil.In order to conform to the principles of heaven and human beings, the sage does not let the people who live in the mountainous areas live in the river areas, nor let the people who live in the Zhouzhu area live in the plains, so that they will not be tired and tired.The sage king taught the people to use water, fire, metal, wood, and food in accordance with the weather.The age of the holy king must be equal to that of men and women, the conferring of titles and appointments must be commensurate with virtue, and the service of the holy king must conform to the people's will.If this is done, there will be no floods, droughts and insect disasters on the earth, and the people will not suffer from famine or strange diseases.In this way, the sky does not hide its principles, the earth does not hide its treasures, and people do not hide their true feelings.As a result, nectar fell from the sky, sweet springs came out of the earth, treasured treasure carts appeared in the mountains, treasure maps carried by dragons and horses sprang out from the Yellow River, phoenixes and unicorns came to the grassy marshes in the suburbs, and tortoises and dragons came to the ponds in the palace.Other birds and beasts can be bent down to watch anywhere.There is no other reason for such a situation, but it is because the former kings were able to practice etiquette to express the principles of heaven and integrity in the body to adapt to human feelings.The emergence of all kinds of auspiciousness is the result of reaching the natural law and following the human feelings.

Collection of Great Biography【Original】

Ceremony, neither king nor concubine ①.The king comes from the place where his ancestors came from, and he matches him with his ancestors.The princes and their great ancestors②.Doctors and scholars have important affairs, and they are saved by their lord ③Qian Bi and their great ancestors ④.

【Note】

①禘: Emperor Yin.

② Big: Tongtai.

③Province: sound wake up.

④袷: sound contact.

【Translation】

The etiquette system stipulates that if you are not the emperor, you must not hold sacrifices to worship heaven.The emperor sacrificed to the god who gave birth to his ancestors, and used the gods of the ancestors to share.The princes sacrificed to their ancestors, which can be deduced to the Taizu who first founded the country.There are three temples for doctors and two temples for scholars.If a doctor or a scholar has made great achievements and has been inspected and known by the monarch, he can ask for a joint sacrifice, and he can sacrifice to the ancestor. 【original】

Mu Zhiye, the great event of King Wu.When things were over, they retreated, paid firewood to God, prayed to the society, and laid a foundation in the pasture. Then they led the princes of the world to hold beans and run around ①, chasing after the king Danfu, Wang Jili, and Wen Wangchang ②, not to be humble and respectful.

【Note】

[-] linger: sound county.

②Chasing the king: Wang Yinwang.Big: Tongtai.Dan: sound gallbladder.Father: Yinfu.

【Translation】

Defeating King Zhou of the Yin Dynasty in Muye was a major achievement of King Wu of Zhou.After the battle, King Wu retreated and burned firewood to pray to God, pray to the gods of the earth, and set up food offerings in the Muye room to worship the ancestors and gods.At that time, King Wu led the princes from all walks of life in the world, holding beans with various foods, running around to offer offerings.The great-great-grandfather Gugong Xuanfu was named the Taiwang, the ancestor Jili was the king, and the ancestor Jichang was the King Wen. In this way, when performing sacrifices, it would not be thought that the descendants of the king worshiped the ancestors and grandfathers who did not have the throne. 【original】

The ancestor of Shangzhi ①, respect and respect.Xia Zhi offspring, kiss also.Pangzhi Kundi, the family is based on food, the order is Zhaomiao, and the other is courtesy and righteousness. Humanity is exhausted.

【Note】

① You: Sound you.

② Miao: Yinmu, Tongmu.

【Translation】

Correcting the title and status of the ancestors and fathers at the top is to respect the orthodox supremacy, and to determine the succession relationship of the descendants at the bottom is to love the close relatives, to straighten out the brotherhood of brothers from the side, and to use the food gathering system to unite the feelings of the whole family , use the clan rules of Zuo Zhao and You Mu to arrange the seniority, and use etiquette to distinguish between relatives and relatives, and human morality and ethics are fully reflected. 【original】

The sage listens to the world from the south, so the first five are not with the people. ①: one is to govern relatives, the other is to repay merit, the third is to promote talents, the fourth is to enable people, and the fifth is to maintain love.The five are one to gain in the world, and the people have no shortage, and no one is unsupported.If the five things and one thing are wrong, the people will not die.The sage who governs the world from the south must start from the way of humanity.

【Note】

① and: Yin Yu.

② sloppy: sound batch.Miao: Tongyao.

【Translation】

When a sage governs the world with his face south and his back north, he must first pay attention to five things, and the affairs of the people are not included.The first is to govern the relatives of the family well, the second is to reward officials who have meritorious service, the third is to select virtuous men, the fourth is to appoint talented and capable people, and the fifth is to examine one's favorite ministers.If these five things can be done well throughout the country, then there will be no dissatisfaction among the people, and there will be no one who is not rich.If any one of these five items deviates, the people will suffer from it and die.The sage governs the world facing the south and facing the north, and he must start with the ethics of humanity. 【original】

Establishing power to measure①, examining articles, correcting Shuo②, changing clothes, different emblems, different equipment, different clothes, and the income of this is also for those who change the people③.There are those who cannot be changed, such as relatives, respect, seniority, and differences between men and women, so those who cannot be changed with the people are also.

【Note】

① Volume: Bright sound.

② Positive: sound sign.Shuo: Yinshuo.

③With: sound rain.

【Translation】

Formulate weights and measures, study rituals and music, reform the calendar, change the colors admired, adopt badges and banners different from those of the previous generation, improve utensils and weapons to make them different from the past, and distinguish the clothes of different classes and ranks. changed together.There are other things that cannot be changed, such as loving one's close relatives, revering people of high status, respecting elders, and strict boundaries between men and women. These cannot be changed together with the people. 【original】

People with the same surname follow the clan and belong to the family;There is a difference between men and women in famous works.If the husband belongs to the way of the father, the wives follow the way of the mother; if the husband belongs to the way of the son, the wives follow the way of the woman.A younger brother's wife is also called a sister-in-law or a mother?Those who are famous are the ones who are ruled by people, so don't be cautious!
【Translation】

People with the same surname follow the eldest son and form a clan.Women with other surnames married into this clan one after another, and they mainly used their titles, which facilitated the relationship between various social gatherings within the clan.The appellation is clear, so that there is a difference in status between men and women.The seniority of the wife depends on the seniority of the husband.If the husband belongs to the father's generation, his wife is considered to be from the mother's generation; if the husband belongs to the son's generation, his wife is considered to be from the daughter-in-law's generation.Some people call younger brother's wife daughter-in-law, so can sister-in-law also call mother?Isn't it a mess!So, appellation is a major issue in human relations, can you be careless? 【original】

(End of this chapter)