University · Moderate

Chapter 51
The fourth generation is born, and the service is poor.The fifth generation spared ①, and killed the same surname ②.In the sixth generation, the relatives are exhausted.His concubine's surname is different from that of the upper one, while Qi Shan is lower than that of the lower one. Can a faint marriage be connected?Tie it with a surname and don't distinguish it, and affix it with food and don't know it, even if it's a hundred generations but the marriage is not connected, it's Zhou Daoran.

【Note】

①Exemption: audio question.

② Kill: Sound sun.

③Single: Yin Dan, Tong Tan.

【Translation】

From great-grandfather, grandfather, father to myself are four generations.As far as I am concerned, I will serve my father for three years, serve my brothers for the anniversary of Qi's decline, serve my brothers with great merit for nine months, serve my great ancestors for five months, and serve my ancestors for three months. .For the clansmen of the same ancestors, the third month of serving maize is the end of the five servings.By the fifth generation, they were no longer the relatives of the ancestors, and had already issued five clothes. When they met the funeral of this race, and went to participate in the encoffining and funeral ceremonies, they only showed their left and left to express their condolences. The lightening and weakening of the belonging relationship.By the sixth generation, the kinship relationship is gone.The branches of the same surname are separated from the top, and the family relationship related to relatives is diminished and exhausted to future generations; since the relationship is alienated, can they marry each other?If the same surname is used to maintain the family tree without fundamental difference, and the connection of the regular clan dinner system is not broken, then, even if it has been passed down to a hundred generations, intermarriage cannot be inter-married. The principle established by the Zhou Dynasty is in this way. 【original】

There are six techniques of clothing: one is called relatives, the other is called honor, the third is called name, the fourth is called in and out, the fifth is called elder and younger, and the sixth is called team uniform.

【Translation】

There are many objects of mourning, which can be roughly divided into six categories in terms of their nature.The first category is based on the principle of kinship for blood relatives, such as mourning for parents, husbands, wives, children, brothers, uncles, uncles and other family members.The second category is based on the principle of respect for the rulers and elders. For example, the princes and their ministers and senior officials mourn for the emperor, and the ministers, senior officials, scholars and common people mourn for the monarch.The third category is formulated from a nominal point of view, such as mourning for aunts and aunts.Although my aunt and aunt are not related by blood, because they are also from my mother's generation and have the name of my mother, they also mourn for them.The fourth category is the different uniforms formulated according to the access of family members.For example, aunts, sisters, and younger sisters, if they died unmarried, I will surrender to the anniversary of their decline; if they were married and died, I will surrender to them for nine months.The fifth category is to formulate different uniforms based on the principle that the young and old are adults and minors.For example, when my uncle dies as an adult, I will serve Qi Shuan Anniversary for him; Changshang and Zhongshang will serve him with great merit for nine months, and Xiashang will serve him with minor merit for five months.The sixth category is collectively referred to as obedience. The deceased has no direct kinship relationship with me. I follow the relatives or the venerable to mourn for them. For example, the wife follows the husband to mourn for the husband’s relatives, and the husband follows the wife to mourn for the wife’s parents. 【original】

There are six kinds of obedience: there is subordination, there is obedience, there is obedience and no obedience, there is obedience without obedience, there is obedience and obedience, and there is light and heavy.

【Translation】

There are six more situations in obedience.One, affiliation, that is, the deceased has indirect kinship with me, and I follow the relatives who have direct blood relationship with me to mourn the deceased.For example, a son follows his mother in mourning for his maternal grandparents.[-]. Obedience, that is, the deceased has no kinship relationship with me, and I follow His Holiness to mourn for him.For example, ministers follow the monarch to mourn for the monarch's relatives.Third, there is obedience and there is no obedience, that is, those who follow have obedience but those who follow have no obedience.For example, as a rule, the husband follows his wife in mourning for his parents-in-law, the wife mourns for her parents for one year, and the son-in-law mourns for his parents-in-law for three months.However, the sons, the concubine sons of the monarch, did not obey their parents-in-law.Because the dignity of the monarch suppresses and restricts the scope of mourning for the son-in-law, the wife of the son-in-law can obey the mourning for his parents for one year according to the usual practice, but the son-in-law has no obedience, and the son-in-law cannot obey the mourning for his parents-in-law for three months according to the usual practice.Fourth, there is obedience without obedience, that is, those who follow have no obedience but those who follow have obedience.For example, according to the common practice, when the grandparents die, the grandson should serve them for five months, and the grandson and daughter-in-law should serve them for three months.However, for the above-mentioned reasons, the son did not obey his grandparents, but the son's wife, as a submissive, still obeyed them for three months according to the usual practice.Fifth, there is the order of strictness and lightness, that is, those who follow are subject to strict rules, while those who obey are very light.For example, the husband follows his wife in mourning for his parents-in-law, the wife serves her parents in mourning for one year, the husband obeys the third-class obedience, and only serves the parents-in-law's light clothes for three months.Sixth, there is lightness and heavyness, that is, the obedience of those who follow is light and the obedience of those who obey is heavy.For example, when the son’s mother died, his mother was originally the monarch’s concubine. Not only did the monarch not obey her, but the honor of the monarch also suppressed and restricted the son, so that the son could not formally mourn for his mother. Before the burial, he wore a white crown and a sackcloth with a light red border, while the son's wife had to wear a one-year heavy dress for the mother-in-law according to the usual practice. 【original】

From benevolence leads the relatives, and waits up to the ancestors, the name is light; from righteousness leads the ancestors, and goes down to you, the name is heavy.One is light and the other is heavy, it is justified.

【Translation】

Starting from love and respecting parents, one step up to the ancestors, it can be said that the farther you are, the lighter the family relationship; starting from morality, following the ancestors, the order goes down to the father, it can be said that the earlier the status, the more respectful it is.For the ancestors, on the one hand, the family affection is lightened, and on the other hand, the status is respected, which is natural. 【original】

The monarch has the way of uniting the clan, and the clan members cannot use their relatives to respect the monarch and their status.

【Translation】

As the king of a country, he naturally has the morality to unite the whole family, but the family members who are the king are not allowed to treat the king with blood relationship, which is determined by the status of the king.Because the monarch is the lord of the whole country, the clansmen should not regard him only as their clan relatives. 【original】

If the concubine does not sacrifice, it is clear about his ancestors.A concubine is not allowed to be the eldest son for three years, nor to succeed his ancestors.

【Translation】

The reason why the concubine did not perform sacrifices was to show that the concubine who presided over the sacrifice belonged to his clan, and he had no right to sacrifice without authorization.When the eldest son of the concubine dies, the concubine only serves him on the anniversary of the decline of Qi, not three years of beheading, because the concubine himself is not his father's heir, and his eldest son is naturally not his grandfather's heir. 【original】

The other son is the ancestor, the one who succeeds you is the sect, and the one who succeeds you is the minor sect.There is a sect that does not move for a hundred generations, and there is a sect that moves for five generations.The one who will not move for a hundred generations will be the successor of Besie.Zongqi is the one who came out of the place where he followed other sons, and he is also the one who will not move for a hundred generations.Zong Qi succeeded the ancestors, and those who moved in the fifth generation.Respect the ancestors, respect the ancestors, respect the ancestors, and respect the ancestors.

【Note】

①The source comes from: Zhu Xi suspects that these four characters are Yanwen.

【Translation】

Biezi refers to the king's concubine.Biezi could not inherit the throne, his descendants respected him as an ancestor, the direct descendants who inherited Biezi became Dazong, and the descendants who inherited Biezi's concubine became Xiaozong.A sect that will not be moved for a hundred generations is called a great sect; a sect that must be moved in the fifth life is called a small sect.Dazong, who has never moved for generations, is the orthodox descendant of Besko.The lineage that is inherited from other sons by all the clan members of the generation is the big lineage that will not move for a hundred generations; the lineage that is only passed down by the lineage of the same Gaozu clan and inherits from the high ancestor is moved in the fifth generation Xiaozong.The clansmen respect their ancestors, so naturally they also respect the eldest son who is the authentic body of the ancestors.Respecting the eldest son actually contains the meaning of respecting the ancestors. 【original】

There are small sects but no major sects, there are major sects but no small sects, there are sects without sects and there are no sects, this is the case with the son.

【Translation】

Among the sons of the princes, except for the eldest son, they are all sons.The son here refers specifically to the son of the previous king and the brother of the current king.The feudal lords were passed on from one line to the next, and they formed an orthodoxy, so it was necessary to elect a son as the eldest son to lead the group of sons.Three situations may thus arise.[-]. Those who have a small clan but no big clan: the monarch has no direct brothers, so he has to choose a concubine brother as the eldest son to lead the group of sons, and the etiquette is like Xiaozong.Second, those who have a big clan but no small clan: the monarch has a direct brother, and appoints him as the eldest son to lead the group of sons. In addition, he does not make another brother-in-law as the eldest son. In this way, the group of sons only has a big clan and no small clan.Three, if there is no clan, there is no clan: If the monarch has only one brother, then there will be no other son to be his eldest son, and at the same time, there will naturally be no other son to regard him as the clan. 【original】

The son has a sect.The son of the son is the son of the scholar-bureaucrat, the one who is suitable for the scholar-bureaucrat, and the son-in-law's lineage.

【Note】

① Appropriate: Sound flute, Tongdi.

【Translation】

The son has the way of being the clan.The king of the son of a son makes those brothers who are scholars and officials enshrine a brother who is a scholar and an official. This is the son's way. 【original】

There is no transfer of the absolute family, and the relatives are also ①.

【Note】

① Genus: sound master.

【Translation】

Once the family relationship has been severed, there are no other mourning clothes. Only those who are relatives belong to the scope of mourning.Ru clan brothers (brothers of the same Gaozu) are still within the fifth service, and they serve each other in mourning for each other in three months.Since then, the family relationship has been broken, and there are no other mourning clothes.The sons of the brothers of the Ru family have already served five times, so they don't mourn each other's death. 【original】

From benevolence leads to relatives, waits and goes up to the ancestors, self-righteousness leads the ancestors, and goes down to you, this is the way of humanity.Respect the ancestors because of relatives, respect the ancestors because of respecting the ancestors, accept the family because of respecting the ancestors, accept the family because of the strictness of the temple, respect the country because of the strictness of the temple, love the common people because of the strictness of the temple, love the people because of the love for the common people, and punish the common people because of the punishment. Use enough, use enough money to make a hundred ambitions, and a hundred aspirations to achieve ritual and customary punishment, ritual and customary punishment and then enjoy ②. "Poetry" says: "If you don't show or accept, you don't have □ to others ③." This is what it means.

【Note】

① Middle: Yin Zhong.

②Music: Music Le.

③ □: sound benefit.

【Translation】

Serving parents starts from love, and the love is pushed up to the ancestors step by step; respecting the ancestors starts from morality, and the order is pushed down to the ancestors.Therefore, people's nature is to love their parents.Because of loving one's parents and promoting family affection, one also respects one's ancestors.Respecting the ancestors naturally also respects the clans that are the descendants of the ancestors.Respect the clan, so you can unite and gather clansmen.Can unite and gather the majority of clansmen, then the ancestral temple that serves will be extraordinarily dignified.The dignity of the ancestral temple, the natural state and the country can also ensure the dignity.In order to ensure the prestige of the country, it is natural to know how to love the people.If you love the people, you will naturally be able to achieve justice in punishment.If the punishment is fair, then the people can live and work in peace and contentment.If the people can live and work in peace and contentment, they will naturally have enough money.If you have enough money, all your wishes will come true.Wishes can be fully realized, so that good etiquette and customs can be formed.Form a good etiquette and customs, and then the people will live happily. There is such a verse in "The Book of Songs Qing Temple": "Constantly carry forward, continue to inherit the past, the people will always be happy, and never get bored." This is what it is talking about.

Collection of Academic Notes【Original】

Concerning the constitution and seeking kindness is enough to hear about it, but not enough to mobilize the masses.As long as the virtuous and the body are far away, it is enough to move the masses, but not enough to transform the people.If a gentleman wants to turn the people into customs, he must learn from it!
【Note】

①謏: The sound is small.Wen: Sound asked.

【Translation】

Motivating thinking and recruiting kindness can gain a small reputation, but it is not enough to move the masses; being close to the virtuous and sympathetic to alienation can move the masses, but it is not enough to educate the people.If a gentleman intends to educate the people and form good customs, he must start with teaching. 【original】

If jade is not cut, it will not be a tool; if people do not learn, they will not know.It is the ancient king who founded the country and the people, teaching first. "Dui Ming" said ①: "The end of reading is the beginning of learning." What does this mean?

【Note】

① Dui: Yinyue, Tongyue.The same below.

【Translation】

If jade is not carved, it will not become a utensil; if people do not study, they will not understand the truth.Therefore, the ancient kings established the country and governed the people, always taking education as the first task. "Shangshu · Dui Ming" said: "The mind should always be on the study." This is probably what it means! 【original】

Although there are delicious delicacies, you can't eat them, but you don't know their purpose; although you don't learn the best way, you don't know their goodness.It is the old saying that learn and then know what is not enough, and teach and then know what is difficult.If you don't know enough, you can reflect on yourself; if you know difficulties, you can strengthen yourself.Therefore, teaching and learning also benefit each other ②. "Dui Ming" says "study and learn half" ③, what does this mean!

【Note】

① Dish: Yin Yao.

②Long: sound palm.

③Learning and learning half: going to school sound effects.

【Translation】

Although there are good dishes, if you don’t eat them, you won’t know their deliciousness; although there are the best principles, if you don’t learn them, you won’t understand their benefits.Therefore, only after studying can one know one's own deficiencies, and one can only know one's own poverty through teaching.Know the insufficiency and then be able to self-reflection, know the poverty and then be able to strive for self-improvement.So teaching and learning are mutually reinforcing. "Shangshu · Dui Ming" said: "Teach others, and you can also receive half of the results." Probably this is what it means! 【original】

The ancient teachers had private schools in their families, schools in the party, ① their arts were orderly ②, and their schools were owned by the state.Enrollment in successive years ③, middle-aged school examination ④.One year's attention to the classics and aspirations, three years' dedication to the community, five years' study from relatives and teachers, seven years' study and friends, which are called small achievements; nine years' knowledge and mastery, strong establishment and not contradictory, it is called Dacheng.The husband is then enough to change the people and change the customs ⑤, the near ones persuade and the far away embrace it ⑥, this is the way of the university ⑦. "Records" says: "The moth's time skill is [-]." It's so called!

【Note】

① Xiang: Yinxiang.

②Surgery: sound breaking, Tongsui.

③ ratio: sound must.

④ Middle: Yinzhong.

[-] husband: sound support.The same below.

⑥ Said: Yinyue, Tongyue.

[-] Big: Tongtai.The same below.

⑧Moth: sound to, the same as ants.

【Translation】

In the teaching places in ancient times, there were schools in the family, [-] families formed a party, and there was a school in the party, and [-] families formed a family, so the schools were orderly, and there were schools in the capital.There are students enrolled every year, and a survey is done every other year.The first year examines the students’ ability to read scriptures and identify their aspirations; the third year examines whether the students value their studies and love the collective; the fifth year examines whether the students have learned extensively and is close to the teacher; the seventh year examines the students’ level of academic discussion , Select the good and bad of schoolmates.When the goal is reached, it is called Xiaocheng.In the ninth year, it is called Dacheng to be knowledgeable, understand by analogy, be strong and self-reliant without violating the teacher's teaching.Only when the education effect is so effective can the people be educated, the customs can be changed, the people nearby will be convinced, and the people far away will yearn for virtue. This is the way and steps of university education.According to ancient books, ants learn to hold the soil from time to time, and after a long time they become an anthill.It's the truth of this accumulation of small things! 【original】

It was taught at the university, and Pibian sacrificed dishes to show respect for Taoism. "Xiao Ya" 肄三①, the beginning of the official.Enrollment Guqi ②, Sun Qiye also ③.The two things of Xia and Chu ④, accept their prestige.If you are not sure, don't look at learning ⑤, you can also travel your ambitions.Watching the time and speaking ⑥, keep your heart.Young people listen but don't ask questions, and they don't learn much, etc.⑦.These seven are taught by Da Lun. "Records" said: "Everyone who studies, officials first, and scholars first." What does this mean?

【Note】

① Xiao: Yin Xiao, Tong Xiao.

② scorpion: sound stealing.

③ Sun: Tong Xun.The same below. ④ Xia: Yin Jia, Tong Ju.

⑤禘: Emperor Yin.

[-] Language: Yin Yu.

⑦躐: Sound column.

【Translation】

At the beginning of the university term, the princes of the Son of Heaven sent officials to wear white leather uniforms and pay homage to the sages and teachers with water celery and algae, which means respecting the teachers.Practice "Deer Ming", "Simu" and "Huanghuangzhehua" in "Xiaoya", which reflect the mutual questioning of the monarch and his ministers. This is from the beginning to encourage students to prepare to be officials.Calling students into the classroom by beating drums and opening book boxes is to make students respectful to their studies.The two corporal punishment tools used to spur students who violate discipline: wooden sticks and vitex, the purpose is to achieve the effect of dignified order and prevent laziness.The princes of the Son of Heaven will not go to the school to inspect the school before the auspicious day for the summer festival of the ancestral temple through the tortoise divination. This is to enable the students to relax their minds and learn calmly without being nervous.Teachers often observe students instead of talking too much, and let students think with their heart and study actively.As for young students, let them concentrate on listening to the lecture and not ask questions out of class, because learning should be done step by step and cannot be delayed.These seven are the principles of teaching.An ancient book said: "Anyone who studies, an official must first learn to do things, and a school must first be determined." This is what it said! 【original】

(End of this chapter)