University · Moderate

Chapter 53
All music comes from the heart.Emotional activity in the heart is reflected in the voice.The formation of sound into art is called music.Therefore, the music for governing the world is comfortable and joyful, reflecting political harmony.The music of troubled times is resentful and angry, reflecting political surlyness.The voice of the subjugated country is sad and worrying, reflecting the plight of the people.The truth of sound is connected with politics.The five tones of Zhengyu in Gongshangjiao respectively symbolize the monarch, minister, people, affairs and things.Gongyin is for the king, Shangyin is for ministers, Jiaoyin is for the people, Zhengyin is for affairs, and Yuyin is for things.If the coordination of the five tones is not chaotic, there will be no discordant sounds.If the palace sound is chaotic, the whole music will appear barren, reflecting the arrogance of the monarch.If the sound of Shang is chaotic, the whole music will appear decadent, reflecting the corruption of official affairs.If the horn sounds are chaotic, the whole music will appear sad, reflecting the resentment of the people.If the sound of Zheng is chaotic, the whole music will appear sad, reflecting the hard work of the state affairs.The sound of the feathers is chaotic, and the whole music appears to be in danger, reflecting the lack of supplies.If the five tones are all disordered and interfere with each other, it is called slow tone, and slow tone is extremely presumptuous and unruly music.In this way, the country will face extinction in a few days.The music of Zheng and Wei in ancient times is the music of troubled times, which is close to the slow tone.There is a place above the Pu River called Sangjian. The music there is the sound of King Yin Zhou's subjugation, reflecting the era when the state government was desolate, the people were displaced, the superiors were deceived, and all kinds of selfish desires were unstoppable. 【original】

All voices are born in the hearts of the people.Those who are musicians are also those who understand ethics.That's why those who know the sound but don't know it are animals.Those who know the music but don't know the music are the common people.Only a gentleman can know happiness.That's why one judges sound to know one's bosom friend, one judges one's sound to know one's music, one judges one's music to know one's politics, and one's governance is prepared.Therefore, those who do not know the sound should not talk to the sound, and those who do not know the sound should not talk to the music. Knowing the music is more than ritual.Ritual and music are all available, which is called virtue.Those who are virtuous get it.

【Note】

① A few: sound base.

【Translation】

Generally speaking, sound is produced in the human heart, and music is connected to human emotions.Therefore, the beasts only understand the sound, but not the rhythmic sound; the people only understand the rhythmic sound, but not the music that reflects human affairs; only the gentleman can understand the music that reflects human affairs.Therefore, by examining the general sound, one can understand the rhythmic sound, by examining the rhythmic sound, one can understand the music that reflects human affairs, and by examining the music that reflects human affairs, one can understand state affairs and folk customs, and thus have a way of governance.Therefore, those who do not understand sound cannot discuss music with him, and those who do not understand sound cannot discuss music with him.Understanding the efficacy of music is close to understanding the true meaning of ritual.Those who have gained a lot from ritual and music can be called virtuous.The meaning of virtue is to obtain spiritual and intellectual perfection. 【original】

Therefore, the prosperity of music is not the extreme sound; the ceremony of eating and drinking is not the taste. The harp in "Qing Temple" is Zhuxian but sparse, and it is advocated and sighed three times, and there are some leftover sounds.The ritual of feasting is to favor Xuanjiu and fishy fish, and if the big soup is not in harmony, there will be aftertaste.That's why the former kings' system of rites and music was not based on the desire for food, ears and eyes, but to teach the people to balance their likes and dislikes and to oppose the righteousness of humanity.

【Note】

① Food: sound heir.

② Big: Tongtai.And: Yinhe.

③Good: Yinhao.Evil: sound.Reverse: pass back.

【Translation】

So solemn music is not extremely beautiful music.The food ceremony and food ceremony held by the nobles, that is, the grand banquet and reception, are not the most exquisite taste.During the Great Sacrifice of the Ancestral Temple in the Zhou Dynasty, the zi was used to accompany the music song "Qing Temple". .The ancestral temple is a great feast for the ancestors. Xuanjiu is clear water and Lijiu together, and Xuanjiu is placed in the upper place. Uncooked raw fish is placed in the zu. With this arrangement, naturally many delicacies were left unused.It can be seen that the purpose of the ancient sages and kings' rituals and music was not to satisfy people's desires for food, ears and eyes, but to teach people to set their hearts against good and evil so as to return to the right way of life. 【original】

Man is born to be quiet, and it is the nature of nature.Feeling moved by things is also sexual desire.Know things to know ①, and then likes and dislikes.Likes and dislikes are undisciplined inside, and temptations are outside, and you can't turn back, the law of heaven is gone.Objects are infinitely touching, and people have no restraint in their likes and dislikes.Those who turn people into things are also those who destroy the principles of heaven and make people want to be poor.So there is a rebellious and deceitful heart ③, and there are things like adultery and chaos ④.That is why the strong threaten the weak, the many are violent and the few are violent, the wise are deceitful[-], the brave are miserable and cowardly[-], the sick are not supported, and the old and the young are lonely and find no place to live.This is the way of chaos.

【Note】

① Knowing: knowing the same wisdom.

② Husband: auxiliary words, sound support.The same below.

③ Paradox: the back of the sound.

④泆: Sound benefit.

[-] knowledge: same wisdom.

[-] timid: sound stealing.

【Translation】

It is innate nature to be calm.The heart is moved by feeling the external things, this is the lust derived from the nature.External things come and go, the mind perceives them, and then the two passions of like and dislike are formed in the heart.If likes and dislikes are not properly restrained in the mind, and if external things perceived by man are a constant temptation to self-examination, then natural reason will die out.The external things are infinite: they shake people's hearts endlessly, but people's likes and dislikes cannot be restrained, so it is equal to the arrival of external things and people are transformed into things.The so-called transformation of human beings into things is to extinguish the laws of nature and indulge human desires.In this way, people will have thoughts of disobedience, disobedience, deceit and hypocrisy, and indulgence and debauchery will occur.Thus the strong bully the weak, and the many bully the few.The clever deceive the ignorant, the bold harm the timid, the sick cannot receive care, and the old and young alone cannot receive the care they deserve.This practice of destroying the laws of nature and indulging human desires is a crooked way that leads to social chaos. 【original】

Therefore, the rituals and music of the former kings were made by man.Weeping and weeping ①, so the festival and mourning are also.The bells and drums are relatives, so they are in harmony with An Le.Faint marriage is the crown ③, so don't be a man or a woman.Shexiang food feast ④, so it is also handed over.Etiquette and people's hearts, music and people's voice, politics should be implemented, and punishment should be prevented.Ritual, music, punishment and government, all four without contradicting, then the kingly way is ready.

【Note】

① Decay: Yin Cui.

②Music: Music Le.

③ Faint: The original word for marriage.Crown: sound through.Ji: sound base.

④ food: sound heir.

【Translation】

In order to prevent chaos caused by human desires, the ancient sages and kings made rituals and music, and artificially restrained them.The order of mourning clothes and the number of weeping etiquette are used to celebrate funerals.Bells and drums, shields and giant axes are set up to coordinate feasts.The establishment of the marriage system and the ceremonies of the crowning of men and the crowning of women are used to clarify the respective duties of men and women.The shooting rituals, rural drinking rituals, eating rituals, and feasting rituals are formulated to regulate people's communication and contact.Use etiquette to regulate people's hearts, use music to harmonize people's voices, use government orders to implement, and use punishments to prevent rape.Ritual, music, punishment, and government are in harmony with each other, and the rule of the king is complete. 【original】

Musicians are the same, rituals are different.If you are the same, you will have a blind date, if you are different, you will respect each other.If you win with joy, you will flow, if you win with courtesy, you will leave.It is also a matter of etiquette and music to decorate the appearance with affection.When etiquette and righteousness are established, the noble and the humble are equal.If the music and text are the same, then the upper and lower will be in harmony.Likes and dislikes, then the virtuous and unworthy are farewell.Punishment prohibits violence, nobles promote the virtuous, and then the government is balanced.Benevolence is love, righteousness is righteousness.In this way, the rule of the people will work.

【Translation】

Music is for the feeling of being with others, and ritual is for distinguishing the difference of rank.Emotional harmony can be close to each other, and level differences can respect each other.However, too much fun will lead to debauchery, and too much courtesy will create estrangement.Uniting people's emotions and grooming people's appearance are all matters of etiquette and music.When etiquette is established, it shows the rank of high and low; the music is the same, and the emotions of the upper and lower are communicated, and there is harmony with each other.When the standard of likes and dislikes is clearly defined, there is a clear distinction between a virtuous person and an unworthy person.Violence is strictly prohibited by punishment, and talents are promoted by official positions, and politics will be equal and just.Love the people with a benevolent heart, rectify the righteousness according to the morality, and act with benevolence and righteousness. In this way, the situation of great rule of the people can be realized. 【original】

Joy comes from the inside, ritual comes from the outside.Music comes from the inside, so it is quiet; rituals come from outside, so it is literary.Great joy must be easy, and great gifts must be simple.If you are happy, you will have no complaints; if you are courteous, you will not fight.Those who govern the world by bowing to one another are called ritual and music.The mob does not act, the princes obey, the military revolution does not try, the five punishments are not used, the people are safe, and the emperor is not angry.Comply with the relationship between father and son, and clarify the order of elder and younger, and respect the four seas. If the Son of Heaven is like this, then it is proper.

【Translation】

Joy comes from the heart of a person, and ritual works on the outside of a person.Music comes from the heart, so it appears calm; ritual works on the outside, so it has a decorative posture.Solemn music must be simple, and grand etiquette must be simple.If music and teaching prevail, there will be no complaints; if ritual teachings prevail, there will be no disputes.The so-called governing the world by bowing down refers to the effect of ritual and music.The mob does not make chaos, the princes are obedient, weapons are not used, all kinds of punishments are not used, the people have no worries, and the emperor is no longer angry.In the four seas, to harmonize the family relationship between father and son, to show the order of seniority, and to worship the emperor. If this can be done, it means that etiquette prevails. 【original】

Great joy is in harmony with heaven and earth, and great ceremony is in harmony with heaven and earth.Harmony, so everything is not lost; festival, so sacrifice to heaven and earth.There are rituals and music in the bright, and there are ghosts and gods in the quiet.In this way, the four seas will unite in respect and love.Those who are polite are also those who respect special things.Musicians are also lovers of different texts.Ritual and music have the same feeling, so the king of Ming took the same place.The story goes hand in hand with the times, and fame goes hand in hand with merit.

【Note】

①□: Same edge.

【Translation】

The grand music has the same harmony as the heaven and the earth, and the grand ceremony has the same sequence as the heaven and the earth.With harmony, all things do not lose their growth nature; with order, so they sacrifice to heaven and earth on time to repay the merits of heaven and earth for generating all things.There are rites and music in the open, and there are ghosts and gods in the dark. In this way, people can respect and love each other within the four seas.The so-called ritual is the activity of making people respect each other through various ritual forms; the so-called music is the activity of making people love each other through various musical forms.Rituals and music educate people to respect and love each other, and the basic sentiments are the same, so the Ming kings and sages of all dynasties have followed it.Therefore, the prescribed etiquette is in line with its era, and the named music is in line with its achievements. 【original】

Therefore, bells, drums, pipes and chimes, and feathers and fences, are also instruments of music; bending and stretching, adorned with omens and reliefs, are also instruments of music.簠鬼俎豆③, institutional articles, ritual implements;Therefore, those who know the feelings of ritual and music can write it, and those who know the text of ritual and music can describe it.The author is called holy, and the narrator is called bright.Those who understand the sage are also called writing.

【Note】

①籥: Yinyue.

② affix: sound superfluous.

③簠: Yinfu.Gui: sound ghost.

④ also: the same rotation.裼: Yinxi.Attack: sound seat.

【Translation】

Therefore, musical instruments such as bells, drums, pipes and chimes, and dancing instruments such as pheasant tails, flute-shaped six-hole gongs, shields, and giant axes are instruments for music; bending and stretching, pitching, dancing queues, and slow and rapid movements are instruments for music. Manifestations.The rice bowl for rice, the gui for millet rice, the zu for animal meat, the beans for meat sauce and enzymatic vegetables, all kinds of specifications and decorations are used for rituals; Hall, turning around and walking, uncovering coat, covering coat, etc., are the manifestations of etiquette.Therefore, those who understand the reality of rites and music can make rites and music; those who understand the expression of rites and music can convey rites and music.Those who can create are called sages, and those who can convey them are called Ming.The so-called Mingsheng refers to the transmission and creation of the theory. 【original】

The music is the harmony of heaven and earth.Rituals are the order of heaven and earth.Harmony, so all things are transformed; preface, so all things are different.Music is created by the sky, rituals are controlled by the earth, excessive control leads to chaos, and excessive conduct leads to violence.Ming in the world, and then be able to enjoy rituals and music.

【Translation】

Music embodies the harmony of heaven and earth, and ritual embodies the order of heaven and earth.With harmony, all things are transformed; with order, all things show differences.Music is made according to the principle that the harmony of heaven transforms and nourishes all things, and ritual is made according to the principle that all things are formed up and down in the earth.Deviations in etiquette will lead to chaos; mistakes in making fun will lead to arrogance.Recognize the truth of heaven and earth, and then you can make rituals and music. 【original】

Discussing that there is no harm in social relations is the feeling of joy; if you like love, you are an official of joy.Honesty and innocence are the quality of etiquette; solemnity and obedience are the system of etiquette.If rituals and music are applied to gold and stone, more than sound, if they are used in ancestral temples and society, and they are related to mountains, rivers, ghosts and gods, then this place is the same as the people.

【Note】

① Zhuang respectful and obedient: Liu Taigong said: "'shun' suspects the word 'shen' is wrong." Wang Yinzhi said: ""Justice" says 'modest and cautious', so this work is based on 'shen' instead of 'shun' We can see."

【Translation】

Conformity to ethics and harmlessness is the reason of joy; joy and love are the functions of joy.Honesty and innocence are the essence of etiquette; solemnity and prudence are the criterion of etiquette.As for the emperor's use of rites and music to broadcast sounds through bells and chimes, and use them to sacrifice to the ancestral temple and the country, and to serve the ghosts and gods of mountains and rivers, this is common application with the people. 【original】

The king makes fun after success, governs and sets rituals.Those who have great merits are equipped with music, and those who rule debates are equipped with etiquette.The dance of relatives is not to prepare for music; it is not to be a gift to those who are prosperous.When the five emperors are in different times, they don't meet each other; when the three kings are in different times, they don't follow each other.If you are extremely happy, you will be worried, and if you are rude, you will be biased.The one who is happy and carefree, who is polite but not biased, is the only one who is a great sage!
【Note】

① Debate: pass all over.

② Which one: the familiar character.Heng: All cooking.

【Translation】

If the emperor succeeds in starting a business, he will make music, and if he is politically stable, he will make etiquette.Those who have made great achievements will make complete music; those who have extensive achievements in governance will make comprehensive rituals.The dance of the shield and the ax alone cannot be regarded as a complete music; the sacrifice of cooked animals alone cannot be regarded as a complete ceremony.The five emperors were different from each other, and they did not follow the music of the previous dynasties; the three kings had different dynasties, and they did not follow the rites of the previous kings.If you are too fond of pleasure, you will suffer from indulging in waste; if you are careless in salute, you will be dishonest and deviant.As for the love of music without worrying about indulging in it, and the perfection of rites without mere formal deviations, only the great sage can do it! 【original】

The sky is high and the earth is underground, everything is scattered, but rituals are in place.The flow is endless, the contract is transformed, and there is joy.Spring makes summer long ①, benevolence also.It is righteousness to gather in autumn and hide in winter.Benevolence is closer to happiness, righteousness is closer to propriety.Those who are happy are harmonious, follow the gods and follow the sky; those who are polite are not suitable, live in ghosts and follow the earth.Therefore, the sage makes music to match the sky, and makes rituals to match the earth.Rituals and music are clearly prepared, and heaven and earth are officials.

【Note】

①Long: sound palm.

【Translation】

The sky is high above, the earth is low below, all things are scattered and of different kinds, and the etiquette system is implemented according to this distinction.Everything in the world is constantly flowing, harmoniously forming, and music is created according to this contract change.Spring grows and summer grows, which embodies the love of heaven and earth: benevolence; autumn harvest and winter storage, which embodies the solemnity of heaven and earth: righteousness.Benevolence and happiness are similar in nature, and righteousness and propriety are similar in nature.The value of music lies in harmony, following the spirit of sages and obeying the way of heaven; the emphasis of etiquette lies in distinguishing matters, following the spirit of sages and obeying the authentic way.Therefore, the sage makes fun to conform to the sky, and makes rituals to conform to the earth.The rites and music are clear and complete, as if the heaven and the earth are performing their duties. 【original】

The sky is respected and the earth is humble, and the ruler and ministers are determined.The low and high are old, the high and the low.Movement and stillness are constant, small and big are different.Likes gather together, things are divided into groups, and their lives are different.An image is formed in the sky, and it is formed on the earth. If this is the case, the ceremony is different from the sky and the earth.The atmosphere of the earth rises, the weather descends, yin and yang rub against each other, the sky and the earth shake each other, drumming with thunder, stirring with wind and rain, moving with four seasons, warming with the sun and moon, and all kinds of transformations flourish.In this way, the joy is the harmony of heaven and earth.

【Note】

①Qi: Sound base, Tongji.

② Warm: Sound announcement.

【Translation】

(End of this chapter)