University · Moderate

Chapter 55
The so-called big 辂者① is also the chariot of the Son of Heaven.There are nine dragon flags, and the emperor's flag is also three.Those who are green and black are also the treasure turtle of the Son of Heaven.From it, flocks of cattle and sheep are given to the princes.

【Note】

①辂: sound path.

②Flag: Yin Qi.旒: sound flow.

③Jing: Yinjing.

【Translation】

The so-called big 辂 was originally the emperor's car.There are nine streamers attached to the dragon, which was originally a flag used by the emperor.The side armor is blue and black, and it was originally the treasure turtle of the emperor.Followed by herds of cattle and sheep, these are gifts from the emperor to repay the meritorious princes. 【original】

Those who are happy are also those whose love is immutable.Rituals are also those who are difficult to reason.The music is the same, but the rituals are different.The theory of etiquette and music is concerned with human feelings.To be poor is to know change, and to be happy; to follow the sincerity and remove the false, is the scripture of propriety.Ritual and music detect the feelings of heaven and earth①, reach the virtue of the gods, revive the gods of the upper and lower, and condense the body of fineness, leading the festival of father, son, monarch and minister.

【Note】

① Detective: vice-sound.

【Translation】

Music reflects inner feelings, which cannot be changed.Li reflects the ethics of society, which cannot be replaced.The function of music is to unify and coordinate people's emotions, and the function of ritual is to distinguish the difference of status. The theory of ritual and music includes human feelings.To study people's heart and understand the changes of voice is the essence of music; to show sincerity and respect and to eliminate hypocrisy is the principle of propriety.Ritual and music follow the principles of heaven and earth, understand the kindness of the gods, ascend and descend the gods, and condense into this kind of style that combines exquisite meaning and complicated expression methods, and governs the law between father and son, monarch and minister. 【original】

Therefore, if the adults hold rituals and music, the heaven and the earth will be clear.Heaven and earth unite①, yin and yang complement each other, the gentle woman covers and nurtures all things②, and then the vegetation flourishes, the area sprouts ③, the wings flourish, horns grow ④, the stinging insects prosper ⑤, the feathered woman lies down ⑥, the hairy one becomes pregnant ⑦, The viviparous are not □⑧, and the oviparous are not killed ⑨, then the way of joy will return to Yaner.

【Note】

①: Yinxi.

②Xu: sound Xu.Woman: Yinyu.

③ area: sound groove, Tonggou.

④ angle: sound decision.觡: sound grid.

⑤ sting: sound folding.

[-] woman: Yin Yu.Volt: sound complex.

⑦鬻: Yinyu, Tongyu.

⑧□: Pronunciation.

⑨殈: Sequence.

【Translation】

Therefore, when the sage promotes rites and music, the principles of heaven and earth will be manifested.The air of heaven and earth happily intermingled, yin and yang complement each other, nourishing and nourishing all things, so the vegetation flourished, curled sprouts burst out of the ground, birds raised their wings, beasts grew horns, hibernating insects woke up, birds hatched their eggs and brooded, and beasts conceived and gave birth. Viviparous ones do not abort, and oviparous ones do not rupture, and the spirit of joy belongs to this realm of harmony between heaven and earth and everything in its proper place! 【original】

Musicians do not refer to Huang Zhong, Da Lu, Xian Ge, Gan Yang, but also the last section of music, so children dance it.Spreading the banquet①, Chen Zunzu, arranging beans, and those who regard ascending and descending as rituals are also the last festival of rituals, so they are in charge.Musicians distinguish sound poems, so they face the strings from the north;That's why virtue comes first, art comes next, deeds come first, and things come later.That's why the former kings have superiors and inferiors, and those who have come first have descendants, and then they can rule the world.

【Note】

① shop: sound flutter.Feast: sound extension.

【Translation】

The so-called music does not only refer to the melody of Huang Zhong, Da Lu, etc., singing with playing strings, and dancing with shields. These are just the end of music, so young people can sing and dance.Laying the banquet, displaying wine and meat, arranging bamboo and wooden beans, and raising the hall and lowering the ranks as etiquette, these are the last parts of the ceremony, so let the relevant deacons take charge.The musicians clearly understand the tone poems, but because they belong to the last section, they can only perform them in the lower position facing north.Zong Zhu clearly understood the etiquette of offering sacrifices in the ancestral temple, and because it was the last festival, he could only stand behind the person who symbolized the god being sacrificed.Shang Zhu, who is familiar with Shang etiquette, clearly understands funeral rituals, but because it is the last festival, he can only stand behind the host to give counseling.From this we can see that those who are accomplished in morality should be at the top, those who are accomplished in art should be at the bottom; those who are accomplished in conduct should be at the front, and those who are at the bottom of affairs should be at the back.Therefore, the former kings understood that all things in the world have the principle of up and down, and then they can make rituals and music, and promote them in the world. 【original】

Marquis Wen of Wei asked Yu Zixia, "When I listen to ancient music with a crown on my head, I am afraid of lying down; when I listen to Zheng Wei's music, I will not tire. How can ancient music be like that? Why is new music so?" Zixia said to him. : "Today's ancient music, traveling and retreating, harmony is wide; strings, pao, sheng and reed①, and drums will be guarded②; the beginning is played with literature, and chaos is restored with martial arts; chaos is controlled with phases③, and disease is treated with elegance; gentlemen So the words, so the ancient Taoism, self-cultivation and family, equalization of the world. This ancient music is also the origin of this ancient music. Today's husband is new music, advancing and retreating, adulterous sounds, drowning and endless; , I don’t know the father and son; at the end of the music, you can’t talk about it, you can’t talk about the old. This is the beginning of new music. Today, what you ask is music, and what you like is also the sound ⑥. The music of the husband is similar to the sound but different.”

【Note】

① Pao: Sound robe.

②拊: Yinfu.

③ phase: sound and image.

④□: The sound is like Ru, the same as Confucianism.

⑤獶: The sound is scratched, and the sound is excellent, the same as the 猱.

⑥ Good: Yinhao.

【Translation】

Marquis Wen of Wei asked Zixia, "I am wearing a Xuanduan gown and a Xuanmian on my head. When I listen to ancient music, I am afraid of falling asleep. When I listen to the new music of Zheng and Wei, I don't know how tired I am. May I ask why the ancient music makes me feel tired?" In that case, why does the new music call me like this?" Zixia replied: "In the ancient music played now, the dance lines advance and retreat together, the movements are rigorous, the dance music is peaceful and centered, and the situation is broad; , abide by the rhythm of 拊 (beating the chaff bag of rhythmic music) and the drum; beat the drum at the beginning of the performance, and sound the 铙 (percussion instrument with a handle and tongue in the shape of a bell) at the end of the music, and use Xiang (ie 拊) to adjust the final movement , use Ya (tube-shaped percussion instrument) to supervise the fast dance steps; at the end of the performance, gentlemen talk there, praise ancient deeds there, and help to cultivate one's morality, regulate the family, govern the country and the world. These are all triggered by ancient music. Now The new music played, the dancers bowed their waists when they entered, and bowed their waists when they retreated. The music is evil and dissolute, making people addicted and unable to control themselves; plus actors, dwarves, mixed men and women, and the etiquette of not knowing the dignity of father and son; the music ends It can neither be used for discussion, nor can it be used to describe ancient deeds. These are all triggered by new music. Now you are asking about music. Music and music are similar, but they are not the same.” 【Original】

Marquis Wen said, "How dare you ask me?" Zixia said to him, "The ancients said that the heaven and the earth are in order, and the four seasons are in order. The people are virtuous, and the grain is prosperous, and the evil is not done, but there is no evil. As fathers and sons, monarchs and ministers think that Ji Gang, when Ji Gang is correct, the world will be stable; the world will be stable, and then the six rhythms, harmony five tones, string songs "Poetry" and "Ode". This is called the sound of virtue, and the sound of virtue is called music. : "Mo Qi Deyin, Qi De Ke Ming. Ke Ming Ke class, Ke Chang Ke Jun. The king is a big state ③, Ke Shun Ke Bi ④. To King Wen, his virtue is full of regret. He received the blessing of the emperor ⑤ and gave it to his grandson ⑥.' This is what you call it. What is the favorite of the king today, does it sound like drowning?"

【Note】

①Dang: sound dang.

②phlegm: sound while.

③Wang: Sound Wang.

④ Bi: Sound pen.Zheng Xuanyun: "It's a comparison." The same below.

[-] benefits: the sound stops.

[-] Shi: Sound benefit.

【Translation】

Wei Wenhou said: "May I ask what is going on?" Zixia replied: "In ancient times, the world was harmonious, the seasons were right, the people were virtuous, the grain was plentiful, there was no disease, and there was no weirdness. This is called Da Shundang. Then the sages rose up and established the names of father and son, monarch and minister as the norms of interpersonal relationships. After the norms are corrected, the world will be greatly stable. The six rhythms of Yize and Wushe harmonize the five tones of Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng, and Yu, playing and singing "Poetry" and "Ode", this is called Deyin, and only Deyin can be called music. "Book of Songs Huangyi "The article said: "Wang Jijing's virtue, his virtue can distinguish right from wrong. He can distinguish right from wrong, can distinguish good from evil, can act as an official, and can be a king. To rule this vast land, he can obey the people, He can choose what is good and follow it. When King Wen came to the throne, he had no regrets for his virtue. Not only was he blessed by God, but also passed on to his descendants." Depress and confuse the drowning voice!"【Original】

Wenhou said: "May I ask where the drowning sound came from?" Zixia said to him: "Zheng Yin is fond of promiscuity, Song Yin is Yannv's drowning, Wei Yin tends to be troublesome, and Qi Yin is obsessed with Qiao Zhi. ③.These four are all lustful and detrimental to virtue, so they are not used for sacrifice. "Poetry" says: "Suyong and Ming, the ancestors listened." Husband Susu, respect. Yongyong, harmony. Husband respects peace, so why not do it? As a ruler, he only cares about his likes and dislikes. If the ruler likes it, the ministers will do it; That is to say. Then the sages act as 鞉, drum, 椌, couch, 壎, and chi ④. These six are the sounds of virtue. Then the bell, chime, Yu, and Se are used to harmonize them, and Qian, Qi, Yan, and Di are used to dance Therefore, this is the temple where sacrifices to the ancestors are made, and this is why offerings, rewards, food, and wine⑤, so that the order of officials, high and low, has its own appropriateness, and this shows that later generations have the order of seniority and inferiority. Stand up the number, the number is used to set up the horizontal11, and the horizontal is used to set up the military. When a gentleman listens to the sound of the bell, he thinks of the military official. The sound of the stone chime[-], the chime is used to distinguish it, and it leads to death. When the gentleman listens to the sound of the chime, he thinks of the minister who sealed the border. Sorrow, sorrow is used to establish integrity, and integrity is used to establish aspirations. A gentleman listens to the sound of the qin and zither, and thinks of the minister of righteousness. The sound of bamboo is excessive [-], and the sound of bamboo is used to establish a meeting, and the assembly is used to gather the crowd. The ministers of gathering⑩. The sound of drums and drums is like B[-]. The drums are used to stand and move, and the movement is to enter the crowd. When a gentleman listens to the sound of drums and drums, he thinks of the minister of the general. There is something in common."

【Note】

①Good: Yinhao.

② Tendency: To promote sound.Number: speed of sound.

③ Ao: Tongao.Pi: Tong secluded.Joe: Pride.

④鞉: Yintao.Control: sound cavity.Jie: sound contact.壎: Yin Xun, Tong Xun.Chi: sound pool.

⑤酳: Sound and print.Vinegar: sound as.

⑥Keng: sound pit.

⑦horizontal: sound wandering.

[-] chime: the sound is exhausted.The same below.

[-] abuse: audio viewing.The same below.

[-] Livestock: Yinxu, Tongzhu.

鼙: sound skin.Sincerely: Yin Huan.The same below.

【Translation】

Marquis Wen of Wei said, "Where does the drowning sound come from?" Zixia replied, "The tones of the state of Zheng are loose and make people lustful; It disturbs people's mind; the tone of Qi State is arrogant and weird, which makes people's mind arrogant. These four kinds of music focus on pornography and are harmful to morality, so they are not used in sacrifices. "Book of Songs You Gu" says:' The solemn and harmonious ensemble is the music that the ancestors wanted to hear.' The so-called Su means sincere respect; Just be cautious about your own likes and dislikes. What the ruler likes, the ministers will do; what the superiors do, the people will follow. The "Book of Songs·Ban" says: "It is easy to induce the people." That's what it means. Then the sage made 鞉 (small drum with handle), drum, 椌 (that is, 枧, a percussion instrument, shaped like a square barrel. Carve 27 sawtooths. At the end of the music, use a long ruler to quickly sweep the wooden teeth to stop all the sounds), Pun (a wind instrument, as big as a goose egg, with a pointed top and a hollow bottom, with one hole on the top, four holes in the front and two holes in the back) , Chi (wind instrument, shaped like a flute, blown horizontally), these six are musical instruments that can produce German sounds. Then use bells, chimes, yu, and zi to harmonize, Zhigan (shield), Qi (axe), and 旄(yak tail) and di (mountain chicken tail) to dance. These sincere and peaceful music can be used in the ceremonies of the ancestral temple of the ancestors, and can be used in rituals including offering wine, rewarding wine, appeasing wine, returning toasting wine, etc. Among them, it can be used to distinguish between high and low official positions, high and low status so that each is suitable, and it can be used to show future generations so that people understand the order of seniority and inferiority. The clang of the bell can be used as an order, and the order can make people energetic Energetic and full of spirit can establish martial arts, so when a gentleman hears the bell, he will think of military officials. The sound of stone chimes is strong, and the vigorous voice can make people establish the character of distinguishing right from wrong. When a gentleman hears the sound of a chime, he will think of loyal ministers who stick to the frontier. The sound of silk strings is sad, and the sad sound makes people feel honest and upright. Honesty can make a will and do righteousness. Therefore, when a gentleman hears the sound of a zither, he will think of aspiration and action. The minister of righteousness. The sound of the bamboo pipes is drawn together, and the sound of gathering can establish a sense of unity, and with the awareness of unity, the people can be united. Therefore, when a gentleman hears the sound of the pipes, flute and flute, he will think of his subjects who are tolerant of the people. Big drum The sound of small drums is noisy, and the sound of the drum can inspire the hearts of the people, and when the crowd is excited, it can move forward bravely. Therefore, when a gentleman hears the sound of drums, he will think of a general who is good at commanding the army. In short, a gentleman listens to music, not just to listen to the sonorous sound That's all, there are always things that are in tune with one's own ideology in the various tones. 【Original】

Bin Mujia sat in attendance on Confucius, and Confucius talked to him, enjoying himself, and said: "My husband has been preparing for the "Wu" for a long time, why?" What, why?" Confrontation: "I'm afraid I won't be able to catch things." "It's too late to promote it, why?" Confrontation: "It's time for things." "Wu sits to the right and constitution to the left, Why?" Confrontation: "It's not "Wu" to sit." "Sound obscenity and business, why?" Confrontation: "It's not "Wu" sound. "The Master said: "If it is not the sound of "Wu", then what sound is it? "Confrontation said:" Yousi lost his biography.If it hadn't been for the loss of his biography by Yousi, King Wu's ambition would be exhausted. ” The son said: “Wei.Qiu Zhiwen Zhu Changhong ③ is also like what my son said. "

【Note】

① Flea: Tongzao.The same below.

② Constitution: Sound announcement.Zheng Xuanyun: "It's Xuan after reading it."

③ Chang: The sound is regular.

【Translation】

Bin Mujia sat with Confucius, and Confucius talked with him about music and dance. Confucius asked, "What does it mean to be on the drums for a long time before the "Wu Wu" begins?" Bin Mujia replied, "This is It takes a long time to prepare to show that King Wu of Zhou was worried about not getting the support of the soldiers before he sent troops to attack Zhou." Confucius asked, "What does it mean to sing a long and continuous chant?" Bin Mujia replied: "This It shows that King Wu is worried that the princes will not arrive in time and lose the opportunity to fight." Confucius asked again: "What does it mean that the dance begins with rapid and violent dancing?" Bin Mujia replied: "It symbolizes the timely launch of military operations. Confucius asked again: "The kneeling in "Wu Wu", why only kneel on the right leg and prop up the left leg?" Bin Mujia replied: "This is not the kneeling method in "Wu Wu"." Confucius asked again: " The vocal music of "Wu Wu" is excessively involved in murderous commercial tunes, why?" Bin Mujia replied: "This is not the proper tone of "Wu Wu"." Confucius asked again: "If it is not for "Wu Wu" What pitch should it be?" Bin Mujia replied, "This is the mistake of the music officials. If it was not for the mistake of the music officials, it would mean that King Wu's mind was confused." Confucius said: " Yes. What I heard from Chang Hong, the doctor of Zhou, is exactly what you said."【Original】

(End of this chapter)