China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 69

After the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Kuomintang prevented the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army from surrendering, seized the fruits of victory, and launched a partial attack on the liberated areas, and the civil war broke out soon.However, due to the rapid development of the liberated areas, the growing forces of justice, the war-weariness of the people of the world and the Chinese people, and the fact that the Kuomintang did not yet have the conditions to launch a civil war, under this background, Chiang Kai-shek adopted the "false peace, real civil war". "Three telegrams invited Mao Zedong to Chongqing to discuss the policy of "peaceful nation building".The Kuomintang's intention is: if the negotiation is successful, it will force the Communist Party to hand over the liberated areas and the army, and eat the Communist Party without any effort;

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting of the Politburo in Yan'an on August 8. The meeting decided that Wang Ruofei and Zhou Enlai would accompany Chairman Mao Zedong to Chongqing for negotiations.At the same time, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Declaration on the Current Situation", which clearly put forward the three slogans of "peace, democracy, and unity".

On August 8, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Wang Ruofei arrived in Chongqing by special plane accompanied by Zhang Zhizhong and Hurley (U.S. ambassador to China).Mao Zedong went to Chongqing in person regardless of his personal safety, declaring to home and abroad that the Communist Party of China sincerely seeks peace and truly represents the interests and aspirations of the people of the whole country.When Mao Zedong and others arrived in Chongqing, they were warmly welcomed by people from all walks of life and caused great repercussions at home and abroad.But at that time, the Kuomintang was not sincere about this negotiation, nor did it estimate that Mao Zedong would really come to Chongqing, so they did not prepare a negotiation plan at all, and the Chinese Communist Party had to put forward opinions and plans first.

The Chongqing negotiations began on August 8, and the negotiations involved heated debates over the legal status of the People's Army and the democratic regime in the Liberated Areas.In order to strive for peace, the CCP delegation made concessions, reducing the People's Liberation Army to 29 divisions under the condition of general reduction of the national army, and automatically withdrawing from 24 liberated areas including Guangdong and Hunan.However, the Kuomintang insisted on not making any concessions, which brought the negotiations to a stalemate for a while.Chiang Kai-shek also tried to use force to put pressure on the CCP to force the CCP representatives to yield at the negotiating table.They wantonly launched the Shangdang Campaign. Our heroic soldiers and civilians in the Liberated Areas dealt a head-on blow to the Kuomintang reactionaries who disrupted the peace talks, and annihilated more than 8 people from Yan Xishan's troops who invaded.Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and other representatives of the CCP in Chongqing took advantage of the gap in the negotiations to actively communicate with people from all walks of life, exposing the double-faced face of the Kuomintang's "false peace talks, and real preparations for war", so that the CCP's propositions won widespread sympathy from all democratic parties and democrats from all walks of life and support.

During his stay in Chongqing, Mao Zedong, accompanied by Hurley, had 9 discussions with Chiang Kai-shek directly on issues such as peaceful nation building.The specific negotiations on relevant issues were mainly carried out between the CCP representatives Zhou Enlai and Wang Ruofei and the Kuomintang government representatives Wang Shijie, Zhang Qun, Zhang Zhizhong, and Shao Lizi. On September 9, the representatives of the Communist Party of China proposed 3 main issues concerning the negotiations between the two parties and submitted them to the representatives of the Kuomintang government. The main contents included: determining the policy of peaceful nation-building, recognizing the legal and equal status of all parties and factions, recognizing the regime in the Liberated Areas and the Anti-Japanese Army, and ending the Kuomintang government. Party governance, etc., and expressed support for Chiang Kai-shek's leadership.However, the Kuomintang stated that "it is absolutely impossible to recognize the liberated areas" and denounced the liberated areas as "feudal separatism."The issue of the army and the liberated areas, which is the most controversial, has remained unresolved, and negotiations have stalled several times.

In order to make progress in the negotiations, the CCP has made many concessions.However, in accordance with the policy established by Chiang Kai-shek, the Kuomintang insisted on the Communist Party "handing over the liberated areas" and "handing over the army" under the pretext of "unification of government orders and military orders."

"Abandon the territory".Zhou Enlai and Wang Ruofei strongly refuted it based on the facts, pointing out that the liberated areas and the people's anti-Japanese armed forces were the result of the long-term bloody struggle between the people led by the Communist Party of China and the Japanese invaders, and they belonged to and protected the people.

After arduous efforts, on October 10, Zhou Enlai, Wang Ruofei, Wang Shijie, Zhang Qun, Shao Lizi, and Zhang Zhizhong signed the "Conversation Minutes", that is, the "Double Ten Agreement". Twelve issues, including party-party cooperation, nationalization of the military, and local governments in liberated areas, clarified the views of both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.

The publication of the "Meeting Minutes" shows that the Kuomintang "recognized the status of the CCP" and "recognized the meetings of various parties".However, the Kuomintang reactionaries headed by Chiang Kai-shek completely disregarded the people's call for peace, broke their promises, unilaterally tore up the "Double Ten Agreement", aggressively attacked our liberated areas, and once again pushed the war-torn Chinese people into the flames of war. In June 1946, the frenzied Chiang Kai-shek finally opened the fuse of the war, and was immediately annihilated in the vast ocean of the People's Liberation War.

●Taiwan Province returned to the motherland
After Japan's unconditional surrender, the plan to receive Taiwan entered the implementation stage. On August 1945, 8, the Chinese government decided that Chen Yi would be the chairman of the Taiwan Provincial Government and the commander of the garrison, and preside over the acceptance of the surrender of 29 Japanese troops there. On September 16.9, the National Government announced the "Organizational Outline of the Chief Executive's Office of Taiwan Province". On October 9, the Office of the Chief Executive of Taiwan Province and the Advance Command Post of the Garrison Command were established in Taipei to handle the concentration of Japanese troops and the acceptance of surrender. From the 4th to the 10nd, the No.2 Army and the No.17 Second Army of the Chinese Army landed in Keelung Port and Kaohsiung Port respectively.

At 1945 a.m. on October 10, 25, the surrender ceremony of Taiwan Province in the Chinese Theater was held at the Taipei Public Hall (now Zhongshan Hall).General Toshiyoshi Ando, ​​the former governor of Japan and commander of the Tenth Front Army, presented the letter of surrender to Chen Yi, the chief officer of Taiwan's surrender. Then, Chen Yi issued a radio speech announcing that "from today, Taiwan and the Penghu Islands will officially re-enter the territory of China, and all land People's political affairs have been placed under the sovereignty of the National Government of the Republic of China. This fact of special historical significance, I report to all Chinese compatriots and the world to know."At this point, the 9-year colonial rule of the Japanese invaders in Taiwan officially ended.This piece of land that was trampled by the iron hooves of the Japanese invaders finally gained peace and returned to the embrace of the motherland.

●Victory in the Liaoshen Campaign
In 1948, the War of Liberation entered its third year, and the balance of power between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party underwent major changes.The weapons and equipment of our army have been strengthened compared with the previous two years, and an artillery force and five major field forces have been established, basically forming a complete system combining the field army, local army and guerrilla forces.However, Jiang's army has dropped to 365 million, of which 198 million are regular troops and 174 million are used on the front line. They are being strategically divided into five isolated groups by our army.

From May to June 1948, the People's Liberation Army launched the Battle of Jirecha, the Battle of Eastern Henan, and the Battle of Chongzhou, and successively wiped out 5 enemies, further isolating the enemy forces in various places.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Chairman Mao took an overall view of the overall situation of the war and decisively made the wise decision of the strategic decisive battle.

The strategic decisive battle began with the Battle of Jinan.Jinan is a strategically important place supporting North China, and Chiang Kai-shek focused on defense with his direct troops.Under the powerful offensive of the East China Field Army, Wu Huawen, the commander of the enemy's reorganized 96th Army, led an uprising of about 3 people from three brigades under his command. Jinan was quickly conquered, uniting the two liberated areas of North China and Central China, and opened the prelude to a strategic decisive battle. .

Among the five major battlefields in the country, our army has the upper hand in the Northeast battlefield, and the enemy forces in the Northeast are isolated and scattered.The Northeast People's Liberation Army went through arduous battles, and by the summer and autumn of 1948, it had fundamentally changed the situation in the Northeast.97% of the land area and 86% of the population in the Northeast have been liberated.The total strength of the Northeast People's Liberation Army has grown to more than 100 million, with improved equipment and high morale.At this time, the Wei Lihuang Group, which was forced to stay in Changchun, Shenyang, and Jinzhou, the Northeast "suppression general" of the Kuomintang army, had only 14 armies with 55 people.According to the situation of the enemy and the enemy on the battlefield, Mao Zedong decided to start a strategic decisive battle with the Kuomintang army in the northeast from the perspective of the development of the national war situation. When fighting Jinzhou, it was a strategic decision to annihilate the enemy who came to aid from Shenyang, lock the enemy in the northeast, and annihilate them on the spot.He also called on the Northeast People's Liberation Army to have the determination to fight an unprecedented war of annihilation, that is, to dare to fight with the enemy army in Shenyang when the whole enemy army comes to help them, and to annihilate them on the spot.

On October 10, the Northeast Field Army completed the siege of Jinzhou. On October 1, the Northeast Field Army launched a general attack on Jinzhou. After 10 hours of fierce fighting, they wiped out nearly 14 defending enemies and captured Fan Hanjie, the deputy commander-in-chief of the Northeast "Suppression General" of the Kuomintang.

When attacking Jinzhou, the Northeast Field Army used 5 columns and 16 divisions to attack and annihilate the defending enemy in Jinzhou, used 2 columns and 2 divisions to block the reinforcements from Jinxi and Huludao, used 3 columns to block the reinforcements from Shenyang, and used 1 1 column and 1 division are the general reserve team, and another column and 11 independent divisions are used to besiege Changchun.Chiang Kai-shek hastily mobilized part of the troops in North China and Shandong to form the Eastward Corps, and formed the Westward Corps with the main force in Shenyang to reinforce Jinzhou in two ways.The People's Liberation Army fought heroically against the enemy's eastward advance corps on the front lines of Tashan and Hongluoxian.The enemy's westward marching regiment was also stubbornly blocked by the People's Liberation Army in the northeast of Heishan and Dahushan.

After our army captured Jinzhou, Changchun defended the enemy. In view of the situation that "there is no hope of breaking through, and the defender will be wiped out", Zeng Zesheng, commander of the 60th Army of the Kuomintang, led an uprising on the 17th. On the 19th, Zheng Dongguo led the newly organized 7th Army and other departments to surrender.

After the liberation of Jinzhou and Changchun, Chiang Kai-shek attempted to advance from east to west, occupy Jinzhou again, and open up a retreat route to the pass.The Liao Yaoxiang Corps, aided by Shenyang, continued to advance to Jinzhou.The Northeast Field Army adopted the strategy of using all their tactics and luring the enemy to go deep, preparing to annihilate the Liao Yaoxiang Corps in the western Liaoning area. On October 10, the main force of the Northeast Field Army marched eastward from the Jinzhou area. On the 21th, a large-scale encirclement and annihilation campaign was launched against the enemy.By the 26th, more than 28 Liao Yaoxiang Corps had been wiped out, thus eliminating the elite main force of the Northeast enemy army.As soon as the Battle of Western Liaoning ended, the Northeast Field Army attacked Shenyang. Entering the urban area on November 10, the defenders fled one after another, and Shenyang was liberated on the 11nd.The Liaoshen Campaign lasted 1 days, wiped out 2 enemies, and liberated the entire Northeast.From then on, the People's Liberation Army had a certain numerical advantage over the Kuomintang army, bringing the situation of the Chinese revolution to a new turning point.

●Victory in the Battle of Huaihai
From November 1948, 11 to January 6, 1949, the Central Plains and the East China People's Liberation Army fought the Huaihai Campaign in the vast area from Haizhou in the east, Shangqiu in the west, Lincheng in the north, and Huaihe River in the south.

On September 1948, 9, Chairman Mao and the Central Military Commission decided to launch the Huaihai Campaign.The Battle of Huaihai was divided into three stages. The first step was to concentrate forces, annihilate the enemy's 25th Corps, and complete a breakthrough in the middle; the second step was to annihilate the enemies in the Xuzhou and Lianyungang areas; the third step was to fight in the Lianghuai area.

Xuzhou is an important traffic route in North China and Central China, and it is a battleground for military strategists.Chiang Kai-shek transferred his troops to the Xuzhou area, preparing for a decisive battle with the People's Liberation Army between Jinpu, Longhai, and Pinghan lines.Chiang Kai-shek's concentrated troops in the Xubeng area, together with those transferred during the campaign, consisted of 7 corps, 2 appeasement areas, 34 armies, and 82 divisions, with a total strength of 80 troops.

On November 1948, 11, the Huaihai Campaign began.The main forces of the Central Plains Field Army and the East China Field Army were ordered to move out, appearing and disappearing, and launched attacks from the east, south, west, and north of Xuzhou at the same time.The 6 columns of the East China Field Army advanced southward from Shandong, sweeping across the enemy base in a 13-mile-wide area on the north side of the Longhai Railway, while the other three columns attacked from the southeast to the northwest of Xuzhou.The enemy army was divided into several unconnected parts, and Huang Botao's troops were surrounded in the Dongnianzhuang area.The People's Liberation Army adopted the tactics of "fighting weak enemies first, then attacking strong enemies, attacking their leaders, and disrupting their deployment". They dug trenches at night, made full preparations, and wiped out the enemies one by one.The enemy's 300th Army and 100th Army, which were weak in combat effectiveness, were all wiped out after 44 days of fighting.

On the evening of the 19th, after the enemy's weak units were defeated one by one, the People's Liberation Army launched a general attack on the enemy headquarters. After about half a month of fierce fighting, all 10 divisions under Huang Botao's command were wiped out.Chiang Kai-shek sent heavy troops to rescue Huang Botao out of the fire, but was still cut off from Nianzhuang by the People's Liberation Army, and Huang Botao was shot dead by our army.With the cooperation of the two field armies, the first phase of the Huaihai Campaign was victorious.

In the second stage, the policy of interception from north to south and encirclement and annihilation in the middle was adopted. The Central Plains Field Army was the main force, and the East China Field Army cooperated to encircle and annihilate the Huangwei Corps.

On November 11, the Central Plains Field Army completed the encirclement of the Huangwei Corps, making it a "bird in a cage." Chiang Kai-shek mistakenly believed that the PLA might first encircle and wipe out the Li Yannian and Liu Ruming Corps, and ordered these two Corps to abandon Bengbu and prevent our troops from going south. At the same time, he ordered the Huangwei Corps to move closer to Bengbu, and ordered Xuzhou Du Yuming to abandon Xuzhou and go south to cooperate with the action.

Under the encirclement of the Central Plains Field Army, Huang Wei's corps was beaten to pieces and dared not break through.Another part of the East China Field Army pursued the Li and Liu corps and wiped out part of them.

In order to preserve his strength, Chiang Kai-shek attempted to attack from the north and the south, attacking the side of the Central Plains Field Army to break the siege of the Huangwei Corps, and then retreated all the way south.The People's Liberation Army adopted the tactics of parallel pursuit, multi-level interception, and multiple round-ups, and adopted the policy of "concentrating forces to destroy Huang Wei's corps, surround Du Yuming, and stop Li Yannian".After more than 20 days of fierce fighting, the Huangwei Corps was completely wiped out.The second phase of the Huaihai Campaign came to an end.

In the third stage, Mao Zedong considered that the battle of Pingjin had already begun, and at this time the enemy was about to withdraw to the south. In order to paralyze Chiang Kai-shek, I will not transport the troops from Pingjin area to the south for the time being, prompting them to fight hard in the north of the Yangtze River and adopt the strategy of "surrounding but not attacking" Method.

In early January 1949, Mao Zedong ordered a general attack on the enemy forces on the Huaihai battlefield. From the afternoon of January 1 to the afternoon of January 1, the PLA finally destroyed the enemy's last isolated point - Liuji, and the Huaihai campaign ended.

The Huaihai Campaign lasted 66 days.When the total strength of the People's Liberation Army was less than that of the Kuomintang army, the People's Liberation Army suffered more than 13 casualties and achieved a great victory of annihilating more than 55.5 enemies, which was the most wiped out enemy in the three major battles.

The victory in the Battle of Huaihai liberated the areas north of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, put Nanjing and Shanghai, the ruling centers of the Kuomintang government, under the artillery fire of the People's Liberation Army, and completely wiped out Chiang Kai-shek's elite corps, thus greatly accelerating the progress of the War of Liberation. Victory process.

The victories in the three major battles made China's revolutionary situation develop rapidly, and the main force of the Kuomintang was wiped out, laying the foundation for the victory of the Chinese revolution throughout the country.

●Victory in the Battle of Pingjin
In November 1948, with the Huaihai Campaign in full swing, the North China Kuomintang Army was in a very unfavorable strategic situation. Fu Zuoyi, the commander-in-chief of the "Suppression General" in North China, has been hesitant about fighting and peace, defending and withdrawing. At the beginning of November, Chiang Kai-shek summoned Fu Zuoyi to Nanjing to discuss the combat policy in North China.After consultations, it was believed that the troops of the North China Military Region of the People's Liberation Army did not have an advantage in terms of military strength, and the Northeast Field Army would need to rest for three months to half a year before entering the customs. "North China will not be threatened." Tanggu Haikou.

However, with the successful development of the Huaihai Campaign, Chairman Mao and the Central Military Commission judged that the possibility of the Jiang's troops in the Pingjin area retreating south increased. Once the Jiang's troops retreated south, the Fu's troops would also flee west.If Chiang Kai-shek adopts the policy of retreat, although the People's Liberation Army can win big cities such as Ping and Tianjin without fighting, the Kuomintang army has strengthened the Yangtze River defense line, which will be disadvantageous for future crossing operations.Therefore, Chairman Mao and the Central Military Commission made an overall strategic deployment, ordering the Northeast Field Army to enter the customs in advance and divide and encircle the Ping, Tianjin, and Tang defenders to ensure that the Fu Zuoyi Group was strangled in North China and wiped out on the spot.At the same time, he ordered the North China troops to withdraw from the siege and return to Sui, slow down the attack on Taiyuan, hold back Fu's troops, and buy time.Subsequently, the Northeast and North China Field Army assembled 100 million people and launched the Pingjin Campaign.

On November 1948, 11, the main force of the Northeast Field Army began to advance towards Pingjin, Tanggu, and Tangshan. On the 23th, the Third North China Corps suddenly launched an attack on the outlying strongholds of Zhangjiakou, and surrounded Fu Zuoyi's Kuomintang troops in five isolated strongholds, including Beiping, Tianjin, Zhangjiakou, Xinbaoan, and Tanggu, and blocked the North China Kuomintang troops from fleeing south. access.

On December 12, in accordance with Chairman Mao's instructions to attack the two ends first and then take the middle, the North China Field Army first launched a general attack on Xinbaoan, annihilating the headquarters of the 22th Army and two divisions of Fu Zuoyi's elite troops. Commander Guo Jingyun committed suicide.Subsequently, the 35rd North China Corps and the 3th Column of the Northeast Field Army chased and wiped out more than 4 fleeing enemies in Zhangjiakou on the 24th, and recovered Zhangjiakou.

On January 1949, 1, the Northeast Field Army launched a general attack on the Tianjin defenders by adopting the tactics of advancing from east to west, cutting off the middle, and annihilating each other. After 14 hours of fierce fighting, more than 29 Kuomintang troops were wiped out , Captured Tianjin Garrison Commander Chen Changjie, and Tianjin was liberated. On January 13, more than 17 Tanggu defenders escaped from the sea, and Tanggu was liberated.

In order to protect the ancient city of Beiping, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China strived to achieve a peaceful takeover through negotiations. It adopted the tactical method of "surrounding but not fighting", and at the same time required the troops not to relax their preparations for a strong attack.After repeated negotiations between the two parties, as well as the cooperation of the CCP’s Beiping underground party organization and patriotic democrats, on January 1, an agreement on the peaceful liberation of Beiping was reached. On January 21, all the Kuomintang troops under Fu Zuoyi's jurisdiction went out of the city to accept the reorganization. On January 1, the People's Liberation Army entered the city, Beiping declared a peaceful liberation, and the Battle of Beiping and Tianjin ended victoriously.

(End of this chapter)