China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 70

The peaceful liberation of Beiping created the "Peking Way" of peacefully reorganizing the Kuomintang army into the People's Liberation Army, and became the first example of implementing Chairman Mao's "eight conditions" to solve the Kuomintang army.Winning a large number of senior Kuomintang army generals and formed troops to stand on the side of the people is a major success of the strategic guidance of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

The Battle of Pingjin lasted 64 days. A total of 52.1 Kuomintang troops were wiped out and reorganized, and the People's Liberation Army suffered 3.9 casualties.Basically liberated North China and better protected the ancient cultural capital Beiping.The victory of the Pingjin Campaign, together with the victories of the Liaoshen Campaign and the Huaihai Campaign, caused the Kuomintang to lose its three elite strategic groups, and the Kuomintang's ruling foundation was fundamentally shaken, laying the foundation for the victory of the Liberation War throughout the country.

●Millions of heroes cross the river
The counter-offensive of the People's Liberation Army was like a broken bamboo, and Bai Chongxi, Cheng Qian and others forced Chiang Kai-shek to resume peace talks with the CCP.Under such circumstances, Chiang Kai-shek issued a peace statement on New Year's Day in 1949, claiming that he was willing to make peace with the Chinese Communist Party on the premise of preserving the pseudo-constitution, pseudo-legal system and the Kuomintang army.The peace-seeking is a fake, Chiang Kai-shek's real intention is to use the peace talks to buy time, train new troops in the south of the Yangtze River, and seek a comeback.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Chairman Mao knew this well, and in the "Comment on War Criminals Seeking Peace" published on January 1949, 1 and the "Statement of Chairman Mao Zedong of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Current Situation" published on January 5, Chiang Kai-shek's true intentions were fully described. At the same time, he offered to conduct peace negotiations on the basis of eight conditions.

Seeing that the deception had been exposed, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Tang Enbo as the commander-in-chief of the Beijing-Shanghai-Hangzhou garrison and deployed the Yangtze River defense line.He also appointed Chen Cheng as the chairman of the Taiwan Provincial Government and Chiang Ching-kuo as the chairman of the Taiwan Provincial Party Committee to arrange a way out.At the same time, he ordered the shipment of gold, silver, and precious cultural relics to Taiwan.Various organs and dignitaries of the Kuomintang also transported their property out of the mainland one after another.For several months, there was an endless stream of trains going east on the Shanghai-Nanjing Line, and all the personnel and materials transported went south from Shanghai along the waterway.

On January 1949, 1, Chiang Kai-shek announced his "retirement", and Li Zongren would assume power on his behalf, but he still refused to let go easily, and still controlled everything as the president of the Kuomintang.Li Zongren, the acting president, wanted money but had no money, and power but no power. Tang Enbo, Song Xilian and others did not listen to his orders at all. On February 21, Sun Ke, the head of the "Executive Yuan", moved the government agencies to Guangzhou, leaving Li Zongren alone in Nanjing, completely alone.Li Zongren sent a telegram to Chairman Mao on January 2, expressing his willingness to conduct peace talks on the basis of the eight conditions proposed by the CCP. After obtaining the consent of the CCP, he formed a peace negotiation delegation headed by Zhang Zhizhong on March 1. .However, Li Zongren could not make the decision on the peace talks.Before the delegation arrived in Peiping, Zhang Zhizhong asked Chiang Kai-shek for instructions, and Chiang gave them the trump card of "Drawing the river and governing."His intention was to gain breathing space in order to resume the civil war.With such a hole card, the peace talks will certainly not succeed.

On April 4, members of the Kuomintang delegation Zhang Zhizhong, Shao Lizi, Zhang Shizhao and others arrived in Beiping and started negotiations with the Chinese Communist Party delegation composed of Zhou Enlai, Lin Boqu, Lin Biao and Ye Jianying.During the negotiations, the Chinese Communist Party made some concessions. For example, if those included in the list of war criminals can make up for their mistakes, they are allowed to cancel their war crime charges, and the reorganization of the army can be postponed, etc., but insisted that the People's Liberation Army must cross the river. On April 1, representatives of the CCP proposed the final amendment to the Domestic Peace Agreement, setting April 4 as the deadline for signing.Chiang Kai-shek read the agreement and refused to sign it, and the peace talks broke down. On April 15, Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China, and Zhu De, Commander-in-Chief of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, issued the "Order to March to the Nation".Prior to this, the million People's Liberation Army had already mobilized a large number of wooden boats with the support of the people on the north and south banks of the Yangtze River, and made full preparations on the north bank.From the evening of the 4th, the Second and Third Field Armies forcibly crossed the Yangtze River.

The reactionaries originally thought that the river was vast, and under the defense of the armed forces of the sea, land and air, it would never be easily broken through.They didn't expect that there would be thousands of boats on the opposite bank, and the momentum was huge. The boatmen, like the soldiers, risked their lives and rushed forward under the artillery fire. Moreover, the PLA artillery fire on the north bank was so powerful that they couldn't hold their heads up.At this moment, the garrison troops of the Jiangyin Fortress suddenly revolted again, turned their backs and opened fire on the positions of the Kuomintang army.
On April 4th and 20st, when the People's Liberation Army was fighting across the river, four British warships including the "Amethyst" that invaded the Yangtze River, an inland river in China, sailed to the People's Liberation Army's defense area one after another, hindering the crossing of the river.There was an armed conflict between China and Britain, and the British ship fired and killed and wounded more than 21 people from the People's Liberation Army.The People's Liberation Army rose up to fight back, and the "Amethyst" was damaged and stopped on the Zhenjiang River, while the other three British ships escaped.The People's Liberation Army issued a statement sternly pointing out: "The Chinese people must defend China's territorial sovereignty and never allow foreign governments to invade it." The Chinese people who have been oppressed by the foreign powers feel proud.This shows that the era when foreign aggressors relied on strong ships and guns to run amok on Chinese territory is gone forever!
The vanguard of the People's Liberation Army set foot on the south bank, and the defenders fled in embarrassment. On April 4, the People's Liberation Army liberated Nanjing and planted the red flag on the pseudo-presidential palace, announcing the end of the 23-year-long reactionary Kuomintang rule. On May 22, a regiment of the Fourth Field Army crossed the Yangtze River on a front more than 5 kilometers east of Wuhan. On the 14th, Wuhan was successfully liberated.

On May 5, the People's Liberation Army began to attack Shanghai.By the 12th, Shanghai was completely liberated.Except for Tang Enbo and other more than 27 people who escaped from the sea in this battle, the remaining more than 5 people were all wiped out.Shanghai, the largest city in China, has since returned to the hands of the people.

##No.30 A series of romantic figures still look at the present
●Ode to Joy at the Founding Ceremony
On October 1949, 10, the Central People's Government Committee of the People's Republic of China held its first meeting in the Qinzheng Hall in Zhongnanhai.At the meeting, the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China was established. The Chairman of the Central People's Government Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Song Qingling, Li Jishen, Zhang Lan, Gao Gang and other vice-chairmen and 1 members announced their inauguration; Lin Boqu was elected as the Secretary-General, and Zhou Enlai was appointed as the State Council Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mao Zedong and Chairman of the Military Commission of the Central People's Government, Zhu De and Commander-in-Chief of the People's Liberation Army, Shen Junru as the President of the Supreme People's Court, Luo Ronghuan as the Chief Prosecutor of the Supreme People's Procuratorate; accept the "Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference" as the central policy of the people's government.At the end of the meeting, all committee members went to the Tiananmen Gate Tower by car, preparing to attend the founding ceremony of the People's Republic of China and the Central People's Government held in Tiananmen Square.

On the flagpole standing high in front of the foundation laying site of the Monument to the People's Heroes, the huge, bright five-star red flag was rising with the majestic national anthem "March of the Volunteers" amidst the people looking up.At this time, in front of the 54 gun salutes lined up with their backs against Tiananmen Square and facing south, the salute soldiers skillfully fired the first salute, and then the salute roared 28 times.It symbolizes the 54 years of heroic struggle of the Chinese people led by the 28 units participating in the first National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the Communist Party of China.This is a salute to celebrate the founding of New China, and a salute to solemnly declare to the whole world.

Chairman Mao announced to the world with a loud voice: "The People's Republic of China has been established! The Central People's Government is the sole legal government of the people of the People's Republic of China." The strong voice of this era pierced the sky and shook the three mountains and five mountains , spread to the whole world.The crowd boiled, and there was a storm of applause in the venue.

Then, Mao Zedong read the "Announcement of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China" in front of the microphone: Since the reactionary Chiang Kai-shek Kuomintang government betrayed the motherland, colluded with imperialism, and launched a counter-revolutionary war, the people of the whole country have been in dire straits.Fortunately, with the support of the people of the whole country, the People's Liberation Army, in order to defend the territorial sovereignty of the motherland, to protect the lives and property of the people, to relieve the suffering of the people and to fight for the rights of the people, fought bravely and recklessly, and was able to eliminate the reactionary army and overthrow the national government. reactionary rule.Now, the People's War of Liberation has basically won, and most of the people in the country have been liberated.On this basis, the first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, composed of representatives of all democratic parties, people's organizations, the People's Liberation Army, various regions, various ethnic groups, overseas Chinese and other patriotic democrats, has assembled , representing the will of the people of the whole country, enacted the Organic Law of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, and at the same time resolved to declare to the governments of all countries that this government is the sole legal government representing the people of the People's Republic of China.This government is willing to establish diplomatic relations with any foreign government that is willing to abide by the principles of equality, mutual benefit, and mutual respect for territorial sovereignty.

The announcement of this announcement marks the birth of the People's Republic of China with a bright future. Forty-seventy-five million Chinese people have begun to govern the country by themselves. Our ancient oriental nation has opened a new history book.New China was born!The Chinese people with yellow skin, black hair and black eyes have stood up since then!

After Chairman Mao read out the announcement, the military parade of the founding ceremony began.

During the review time, one climax followed another.The crowd in the square kept cheering and clapping, their voices were almost hoarse, their palms were numb, and they felt unable to express their inner excitement.The military parade of the founding ceremony took more than two hours.These more than two hours condensed the long battle history of the People's Army since its founding, and also foreshadowed the future journey.The spectacular military parade has greatly enhanced the self-confidence and pride of the Chinese people.

The military parade at the founding ceremony was permanently recorded in the annals of the Republic, leaving the glory and dreams of the PLA in the magnificent Tiananmen Square.

●Volunteer Army to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea
On June 1950, 6, the Korean War broke out.At the beginning of the war, the Korean People's Army kept pushing the South Korean army to the line of Daegu and Busan at the southern tip of the Korean peninsula, and the whole of Korea was about to be liberated.However, because the United States gathered troops from 25 countries and suddenly landed in Incheon, the Korean People's Army was attacked successively and suffered great losses.

In order to defend the country, on October 1950, 10, Chairman Mao ordered the reorganization of the Northeast Frontier Army into the Chinese People's Volunteers, preparing to enter North Korea to fight. On the evening of October 8, with Peng Dehuai as the commander, he led a large force of the Chinese People's Volunteers across the Yalu River and officially entered North Korea.

Facing the enemy with an absolute superiority in weapons, the Volunteers fought side by side with the Korean People's Army, daring to fight and fight hard. They fought five battles and brought the enemy back to the vicinity of the "[-]th Parallel".

In July 1951, the United States was forced to sit at the negotiating table.In the following two years, due to the lack of sincerity of the United States in the peace talks, a situation of fighting while talking was formed, and the fighting continued around the "7th parallel". On July 1953, 7, the negotiating parties signed the "Agreement on the Military Armistice of North Korea" in Panmunjom, and Kim Il Sung and Peng Dehuai issued an order to cease fighting.At this point, the Korean War, which lasted more than three years, came to an end.

●Prime Minister mentions the spirit of Bandung

1955年4月18日至24日，周总理率领中国代表团出席在印度尼西亚万隆举行的有29个国家参加的亚非会议。针对与会各国对新中国缺乏了解和各国之间存在的分歧，周总理在会上提出了“求同存异”的著名方针。

Premier Zhou said: The Chinese delegation is here to seek unity, not to quarrel, and the Chinese delegation is here to seek common ground, not to create differences.The basis for seeking common ground is that the vast majority of countries and peoples in Asia and Africa have suffered and are still suffering the suffering and suffering caused by colonialism since modern times.Finding a common basis from the relief of the pain and disasters of colonialism makes it easy for us to understand and respect each other, sympathize with and support each other, instead of having mutual doubts and fears, mutual exclusion and confrontation.Our meetings should seek common ground while reserving differences.At the same time, the meeting should affirm these common wishes and requirements.This is the main problem among us.

With the joint efforts of the Chinese delegation and the participating delegations, the meeting finally reached an agreement on various issues on the agenda, and formulated the famous Ten Principles of the Bandung Conference on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.The spirit of solidarity and cooperation among Asian and African countries, opposing imperialism and colonialism, striving for and safeguarding national independence, developing friendly exchanges between peoples of various countries, and safeguarding peace in Asia, Africa and the world embodied in this meeting is called the "Bandung Spirit".

●The First Yangtze River Bridge opened to traffic
The Yangtze River is the largest river in our country. The water is deep and wide, like a moat, blocking the traffic between the north and the south of our country.Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, there was no bridge on the Yangtze River, and people in the north and south of the Yangtze River could only ferry across by boat, which was very inconvenient.

In the second year after the founding of New China, relevant departments began the survey and design work for the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge across the Yangtze River. On September 1955, 9, the Wuhan Bridge officially started construction. In October 1, only two years and one month before the official construction, the bridge was completed and opened to traffic.The Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge is 1957 meters long. The lower level is a railway bridge, which can drive two trains at the same time. The upper level is a road bridge, which can drive four cars side by side.Since then, a series of trains traveling from south to north have passed the bridge, and the main artery of the motherland's north-south traffic has become unimpeded.

Then, our country's bridge workers continued to fight on the Yangtze River, and successively built Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, Chongqing Yangtze River Bridge and other Yangtze River bridges. The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge is the first super-large bridge built by the new China on its own.

●The first nuclear explosion was successful

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Western powers were unwilling to recognize the new China, let alone see a powerful China rising in the East. In 1950, the United States extended its war of aggression to the Yalu River, and the U.S. Seventh Fleet entered the Taiwan Strait.U.S. General MacArthur threatened to establish a "nuclear radiation belt" on the border between China and North Korea.After the Korean War broke out, U.S. President Truman declared that the U.S. had been actively considering the use of atomic bombs.The Chinese people are always threatened by war or even nuclear war.China is not afraid of atomic bombs, China opposes atomic bombs, but the grim reality forced Chinese leaders to consider developing their own atomic bombs, even though the Republic was in a state of poverty and poverty.

In early 1955, China began to create a nuclear industry.At that time, Chairman Mao said: "Not only do we need more planes and cannons, but we also need atomic bombs. In today's big world, if we want not to be bullied by others, we must have these things." In the Party Central Committee and Mao Zedong Under the instructions of the Chairman, in 1956, under the chairmanship of Zhou Enlai, Chen Yi, Li Fuchun, and Nie Rongzhen, China formulated the "1956-1957 Science and Technology Development Long-term Plan Outline", which placed the development of cutting-edge technologies represented by atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs in a prominent position .A large number of outstanding scientific and technological workers, including many scientists who have made outstanding achievements abroad (such as Qian Xuesen, a famous Chinese physicist and father of China's spaceflight, Deng Jiaxian, a famous Chinese nuclear physicist and "father of the two bombs", etc.) have gathered Under the banner of the Communist Party of China, we will devote ourselves to this sacred and great cause without hesitation.

At the beginning, in the research and development of nuclear technology, the Soviet Union promised to provide China with an atomic bomb model and signed relevant agreements.However, Khrushchev regarded himself as an "old son" and opposed China's possession of its own nuclear weapons. Countries with nuclear weapons such as the United States and the United Kingdom took strict precautions against China and refused to disclose any technical information to China. In June 1959, the Soviet Union unilaterally tore up the agreement and withdrew experts. Chinese scientists, engineers, and PLA commanders and fighters overcame the scorching winds of the Gobi Desert. After three years of hard work and struggle, they broke through the key technology for the development of the atomic bomb. , completed the first phase of the construction of the nuclear test area, the uranium enrichment plant obtained qualified highly enriched uranium in early 6, cast uranium and plutonium blanks in April 1964, and then processed the first set of atomic bomb nuclear components.The model of the atomic bomb and the real bomb were manufactured successively.Soon, the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and the scientists who developed the atomic bomb formulated an overall plan for the first nuclear explosion.The central government set the detonation time of the first atomic bomb device test at midnight on October 19, 4.

In the middle of the night on the 15th, after the relevant operators completed the assembly of the nuclear components of the atomic bomb device, the installation of the tower, and the insertion of the detonator, all personnel on the scene evacuated the target area and waited for the arrival of "zero hour".As the "zero hour" was reported by the counter at the main control station 23 kilometers away from the test device, a strong flash was followed by an earth-shattering bang.Then, a huge fireball turned into a mushroom cloud and soared into the sky, and the first atomic bomb device independently researched, designed and manufactured by China exploded successfully.The test results proved that the theory and structural design of China's first atomic bomb, the design and manufacture of various parts, components and detonation control systems, as well as various testing methods and equipment, have all reached a very high level.This is a major achievement of the Chinese people in strengthening their national defense and opposing the U.S. imperialist policy of nuclear blackmail and nuclear threat.

●China's first subway

(End of this chapter)