China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 71

In 1965, China's first underground railway, Beijing Subway Line 1, began construction.After the hard work of the builders, in October 1969, the first phase of Beijing Subway Line 10 was put into trial operation, with an average daily passenger volume of 1 million passengers, and the full load rate and single-vehicle operation ranked first in the world.Tianjin Metro is the second subway in mainland China. It was first built in June 125, with a total length of 1970 kilometers and 6 stations.The Hong Kong MTR was opened in 7.4 and has 8 lines with a total length of 1979 kilometers.Since then, Shanghai and Guangzhou have successively built subway lines.

At present, cities in China that have built subways include Beijing, Tianjin, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Shenzhen and many other cities.In addition, many cities are launching or preparing to launch rail transit.

●The first hydrogen bomb exploded

In October 1964, after the atomic bomb was successfully detonated, nuclear science and technology workers non-stop turned to the next goal - the development of a hydrogen bomb. In January 10, when Chairman Mao was listening to the report on the long-term plan, he firmly pointed out: if the enemy has it, we must have it; if the enemy does not have it, we must have it; In December 1965, Premier Zhou presided over a special meeting of the central government, and proposed to strive for a hydrogen bomb explosion test in 1.Deng Jiaxian and a group of nuclear science and technology workers accepted this cutting-edge task.Through their own exploration, they finally had a major breakthrough at the end of 1965.At this time, it was rumored that France was going to explode a hydrogen bomb, and Chinese scientific and technological workers secretly made up their minds to race against France and get ahead of France!They fought day and night, and finally achieved their goal ahead of schedule on June 12, 1968, winning honor for the Chinese people.

In the early morning of June 1967, 6, the first hydrogen bomb designed and manufactured by Chinese scientific and technological workers exploded successfully over Lop Nur, Xinjiang!From the detonation of the first atomic bomb to the detonation of the hydrogen bomb, it took the United States more than 17 years, the Soviet Union more than 7 years, the United Kingdom 4 years and 4 months, and China only 7 years and 2 months.

Relying on their own strength, Chinese scientific and technological personnel successfully trial-produced atomic bombs, nuclear missiles and hydrogen bombs at the fastest speed. The successful detonation of hydrogen bombs is a leap in the history of China's nuclear weapons development, and China has entered the ranks of nuclear powers.The successful detonation of the hydrogen bomb, together with the successful detonation of the atomic bomb in 1964, is a major achievement in national defense construction and science and technology. It marks that China's national defense modernization has entered a new stage.

●Opening of Nanjing Bridge
南京长江大桥与红旗渠被周总理并称为“新中国两大奇迹！”1968年12月29日，6年前开工兴建的南京长江大桥提前建成通车。南京长江大桥铁路桥全长6772多米，公路桥全长4589多米。这是当时我国自行设计和施工建造的最大的铁路公路两用桥。

Nanjing is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the river bed geology is very complicated.Before liberation, the Kuomintang government hired an American bridge expert to survey for a while, but was at a loss.During the Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese aggressors also wanted to build a bridge out of the need to invade China. After some measurements, they were finally unable to do anything.They looked at the river and sighed, and concluded that "it is impossible to build a bridge in Nanjing".

The most difficult and complicated part of building the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge is the underwater foundation engineering of the bridge piers. The piers must pass through deep water and sediment layers and be rooted on hard rocks.The bridge builders in New China designed four different types of deep-water pier foundations according to the hydrological and geological characteristics of each pier location and the existing equipment conditions. Among them, the thin-walled self-floating reinforced concrete caisson foundation is the first in my country. It is also a pioneering work to use it for the first time.In order to firmly root the foundation of the caisson on the rocks at the bottom of the river, the divers used their hands instead of eyes to meticulously explore the bottom of the caisson, which is bigger than a basketball court, with strong perseverance and skillful techniques. Construction quality of bridge piers.With the close cooperation of scientific and technical personnel and bridge construction workers, the bridge was finally completed ahead of schedule.

The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was once included in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's longest road-rail bridge!
●Dongfanghong-[-] lifts off

Artificial earth satellite is an important symbol of modern cutting-edge science and technology. In 1957, the first artificial earth satellite of the Soviet Union was put into space, marking the beginning of human spaceflight activities. In August 1965, the Special Committee of the Central Committee approved in principle the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Proposal on the Development of my country’s Artificial Satellite Work Plan, and determined that China’s development of artificial earth satellites will be developed step by step from simple to complex, from easy to difficult, from low-level to high-level , the policy of gradual development, and determined that the National Science and Technology Commission is responsible for the organization and coordination of the entire satellite project, the satellite body and ground measurement and control system are in charge of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the launch vehicle is in charge of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery, and the satellite launch site is in charge of the construction of the test base of the National Defense Science and Technology Commission .China's first artificial earth satellite has entered the engineering development stage. In September 8, the Chinese Academy of Sciences began to establish a satellite design institute. In October 1965, China's first artificial satellite program demonstration meeting was held, which was code-named "9" meeting, and the overall plan for the first artificial earth satellite was initially determined. In December 1965, the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense officially named the satellite "Dongfanghong-10".

At 1970:4 on April 24, 21, at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Site in China, a Long March-35 rocket left the launch pad with a deafening rumbling sound. The top of the rocket carried a 173-kilogram aluminum alloy sphere. That is the famous "Dongfanghong-21" artificial satellite.The rocket flew faster and faster, straight into the sky. At 48:13, the good news that "the separation of the satellite and the rocket, and the orbiting of the satellite took only 21 minutes" came from the broadcast of the on-site command post. At 50:[-], the State Broadcasting Bureau reported that it had received the music "Dongfanghong" broadcast by China's first satellite, and the sound was clear and loud.China's first artificial earth satellite - "Dongfanghong-[-]" was successfully launched!
Compared with the first satellites of the Soviet Union, the United States, France, and Japan, "Dongfanghong-24" has more advanced technical solutions and design indicators.Its weight is 15 kilograms more than the sum of the first satellites of the Soviet Union, the United States, France and Japan.Due to the guarantee of the energy system, the actual working time of various instruments on "Dongfanghong No. 24" far exceeds the design requirements: the design life is [-] days, and the actual working time is [-] days. "Dongfanghong-[-]" obtained a large number of engineering telemetry coefficients, which provided the basis and experience for the subsequent satellite design and development work.

The successful launch of "Dongfanghong-[-]" made China the fifth country capable of independently developing and launching satellites after the Soviet Union, the United States, France and Japan.Since then, China has officially entered the world "space club"!
● Restoration of the United Nations seat
China is the founder of the United Nations and one of the five permanent members of the Security Council. On October 1943, 10, the United States, the Soviet Union, China, and the United Kingdom issued the Moscow Declaration, jointly reaching an agreement in principle to establish a universal international security organization after the war. In November 30, the four major powers put forward a proposal to create the United Nations after consultation. In April 1944, at the plenary meeting of the United Nations held in San Francisco, USA, the Charter of the United Nations was drafted on the basis of the proposals of the four major powers. The Charter was passed on June 11 and entered into force on October 1945, announcing the establishment of the United Nations. In 4, when the United Nations was established in San Francisco, the Chinese government sent a 6-member delegation including the representative of the Communist Party of China, Dong Biwu. It was one of the important founding countries of the United Nations.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, due to obstruction by the US government, the Taiwan authorities continued to illegally occupy China's seat in the United Nations. In September 1950, under the control of the United States, the fifth session of the UN General Assembly rejected the proposal to restore the legal rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations, and decided to form a seven-member special committee to review the issue of China's representation. Representatives of the "Republic of China" are allowed to occupy seats in the United Nations.In this regard, the spokesperson of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs once issued a statement, pointing out that the decision of the UN General Assembly violated the "United Nations Charter", was disrespectful and illegal, and the United States should bear the main responsibility for this.During the 9 years from 1951 to 1960, the US thieves shouted to catch the thieves, using the so-called "China's invasion of North Korea" as an excuse to prevent the UN General Assembly from discussing the issue of China's representation for a full 10 years.

Due to the obstruction of the United States, my country has been deprived of its seat in the United Nations for a long time. Since the 1961th session of the UN General Assembly in [-], many countries have made unremitting efforts to restore China's legal rights.

In 1961, the General Affairs Committee of the No.16 session of the UN General Assembly adopted the topic of discussing China's seat in the UN.This is undoubtedly the first alarm bell for the numerous obstacles that the United States has set up to prevent China from restoring its seat.But the United States still stubbornly insists on its wrong approach. It resorted to another trick, forcing the restoration of China's representation as an "important issue" that must be approved by a two-thirds majority of the UN General Assembly.This means that when the United States is in a minority of situations, it can still prevent China from restoring its legal rights in the United Nations.

Another 10 years later, at the No.1970 Fifth General Assembly in 20, the result of the vote to support the restoration of our country's seats and expel the "representatives" of the Kuomintang group was 51 votes in favor and 47 votes against, which was the first time that votes in favor exceeded those against .At that time, in the conference hall with the dome of the UN General Assembly, there was applause everywhere. The duration and enthusiasm of the applause were rare.

With the continuous improvement of China's international status and influence, and the continuous participation of third world countries in the United Nations, the conspiracy of the United States to obstruct the restoration of China's legal seat in the United Nations has completely failed. On October 1971, 10, on this historic day, at the 25th session of the No. 20 Sixth UN General Assembly, as the gavel in the hand of the executive chairman of the General Assembly Malik fell forcefully on the table in front of the rostrum, he Announced: "The restoration of the legitimate rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations means that Taiwan has lost its seat in the United Nations, and there is no need to vote on the issue of Taiwan's seat." The United Nations General Assembly passed Albania, Algeria, etc. The 1976 countries demanded the restoration of all legal rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations and the immediate expulsion of representatives of the Taiwan authorities from all United Nations agencies, that is, UN General Assembly Resolution 76. On the 35th, the Secretary-General of the United Nations formally notified my country that the General Assembly had decided to restore all of China's legal rights in the United Nations and to accept China as a member of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.

On November 11, members of the Chinese delegation arrived in New York wearing brand-new Zhongshan suits.On a coincident day, China attended the United Nations General Assembly, and Malik delivered a welcome speech: "This is a moment of historic significance." Qiao Guanhua, head of the Chinese delegation, laughed unrestrainedly and unrestrainedly, which was described by Western media as "shattering the glass of the conference hall". Qiao Guanhua's hand was slightly swollen from being held by the congratulatory crowd.

Chairman Mao said in the winter of this year that we have two happy events this year: one is the downfall of Lin Biao; the other is the restoration of our country's seat in the UN General Assembly.It can be seen from this that Chairman Mao spoke highly of my country's strategic diplomatic victory of restoring its seat in the United Nations.

China resumed its legal seat in the United Nations, which opened a new chapter in the history of new China's diplomacy and started a new pattern of China's diplomatic career.

●Nixon's visit to China
In 1972, US President Nixon visited China. At 1972:2 am on February 21, 11, the special plane "76 Spirit" arrived at Beijing Airport from the United States on the other side of the ocean.There were several special guests on the plane - US President Nixon and his wife, US Secretary of State Rogers and National Security Assistant Henry Kissinger, who were visiting China for the first time.Chinese leader Premier Zhou was welcomed at the airport.Although the welcome ceremony was not as lively as welcoming other heads of state, and foreign envoys stationed in China were not invited, only the guard of honor was inspected, and no salute was fired, which seemed a bit simple and deserted. Historic visit.

The cabin door opened, and US President Nixon was the first to step down the gangway, and hastily reached out his hand to shake hands with Premier Zhou who came to greet him for a long time.This is a historic handshake, which thawed the Sino-US relations that had been frozen for 22 years with the first visit of the US president.More than a decade later, Nixon described the visit in his memoirs."When our hands are held, one era ends and another begins," he wrote.

In the afternoon, Chairman Mao met with President Nixon.After many meetings between China and the United States, a joint communiqué was issued in Shanghai.In the joint communiqué, China declared: the government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government of China; Taiwan is a province of China that has long been returned to the motherland; the liberation of Taiwan is China's internal affair, and no other country has the right to interfere.

After this historic handshake between China and the United States, relations between the two countries began to thaw. In May 1973, China and the United States established liaison offices with each other. In 5, China and the United States established diplomatic relations.The United States reaffirmed in the communiqué on the establishment of diplomatic relations that "the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government of China", "there is only one China", and "Taiwan is a part of China".The establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States not only conforms to the interests of the Chinese and American people, but also has far-reaching significance for the peace of Asia and the world.

●China's Fifth Greatest Invention
Yuan Longping, born on September 1930, 9, is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the founder of hybrid rice research in China, and No. 7 in the world who successfully utilizes rice hybridization.

In 1964, Yuan Longping began to work on hybrid rice research. In the winter of 1970, male sterile wild rice was discovered in Hainan Island, which opened a breakthrough for the breeding of hybrid rice in my country. In 1973, the three-line matching was realized, and the first high-quality and high-yield hybrid rice "Nanyou No. 20" was selected and used in large-scale production.For this reason, Yuan Longping won my country's first National Special Invention Award in 1987, and was hailed as "the father of hybrid rice" internationally.The western world calls hybrid rice "Oriental magic rice".Yuan Longping has successively won the Gold Medal of the "Outstanding Inventor" of the United Nations Intellectual Property Organization, the "Science Award" of the UNESCO, the "Ranker Award" of the British Ronker Foundation, and the "Save the World Hunger Award" by the American Feinster Foundation Eight international awards including the "Food Security Award" of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Yuan Longping's achievements not only solved the food problem of Chinese people to a large extent, but also were considered as a magic weapon to solve the world hunger problem in the 21st century.The world even regards hybrid rice as China's fifth great invention after the four great inventions, and is known as the "Second Green Revolution".

●Chairman Mao died in Beijing
On September 1976, 9, Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and Honorary Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference passed away in Beijing, and the people of the whole country were extremely sad.This day marks the 9th anniversary of his leadership of the Autumn Harvest Uprising.

On September 1976, 9, Chairman Mao's memorial meeting was held in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, and Hua Guofeng delivered a eulogy.

●Smash the "Gang of Four" group

The "Gang of Four" group emerged in the process of criticizing "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office" in 1965. After the "Cultural Revolution" began, Jiang Qing became the deputy head of the Central Cultural Revolution Group. Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan also joined the Central Cultural Revolution Group relying on Jiang Qing's strength. Form the core strength of the Jiangqing Group.From then on, Wang Hongwen colluded with Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, and Yao Wenyuan.

The conspiratorial activities of Jiang Qing and his gang attracted the attention of Chairman Mao, who severely criticized them.Chairman Mao clearly criticized Jiang Qing at the Politburo meeting: "Don't set up two factories, one called a steel factory and the other called a hat factory, and put hats on people at every turn." He also warned them not to engage in the "Gang of Four." "You have to pay attention, don't make it into a small sect of four." This is the origin of the name "Gang of Four".

On September 1976, 9, Chairman Mao passed away, and the entire party and people of all ethnic groups in the country were once again immersed in great grief. In August 9, when Chairman Mao was critically ill, Wang Zhen went to visit Ye Jianying and talked about the "Gang of Four".Wang Zhen said: "In my opinion, if we just arrest them, the problem will be solved!" Ye Jianying had exactly this intention. On September 1976, the day after Chairman Mao's death, Ye Jianying visited Hua Guofeng for the first time.Ye Jianying hinted to Hua Guofeng: "People are holding on tightly", "If you have to make up your mind, you have to make up your mind."Hua Guofeng understood what Ye Jianying meant, but he was unwilling to discuss it in depth, and brought the topic to the issue of protecting Chairman Mao's body.

On September 9, Nie Rongzhen asked Yang Chengwu to tell Ye Jianying: "The gang of four is a counter-revolutionary, and they can do any kind of bad things. We must be vigilant to prevent them from attacking first... Only if we act first and take decisive measures can we prevent accidents. In the next few days, Ye Jianying approached Hua Guofeng three times in a row and told him about Stalin's death, Malenkov's succession, and Khrushchev's seizure of power.Hua Guofeng finally let go in the last conversation, saying: "As long as the old comrades support me, I will do it." In the end, Hua Guofeng, Ye Jianying and others decided to convene the "Gang of Four" on October 12, 1976 on the grounds of a meeting. "Go to Huairen Hall in Zhongnanhai and arrest them separately.

At 10:6 p.m. on October 7, Ye Jianying's car drove into Zhongnanhai Huairen Hall.The main hall of Huairen Hall was divided into two by a screen. Hua Guofeng and Ye Jianying were sitting on the sofa respectively, while Wang Dongxing and the guards were behind the screen.

(End of this chapter)